Narcolepsy Essay -- Disorder Sleep Sleepy Health Essays

Narcolepsy Sleepiness, whether due to sleep apnea, heavy snoring, idiopathic hypersomnolence, narcolepsy or insomnia from any issuance of sleep-related disorders, threatens millions of Americans health and economic security (1). Perhaps somewhat most concerning of these disorders are those that allow sleep without having any control over when it happens-idiopathic hypersomnolence and narcolepsy. The two are tight related in that both cause individuals to fall sound asleep(predicate) without such control, yet narcolepsy occurs without any dreaming during naps (2). For years, narcoleptic people have been falling asleep in corners, concerned, as they have given numerous attempts to try to stay focused and awake. But besides the excessive fatigue that people experience, there sure must be more that can be associated with causing such sleepiness among people at an uncontrolled level. There might especially non be a reason involving the I-function of the brain, as people are not a ware of when necessarily they will fall into their deep sleep. Narcolepsy has been clinically defined as a chronic neurological disorder that involves the bodys central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is basically like a highway of nerves that carries messages from the brain to otherwise parts of the body. Thus, for people with narcolepsy, the messages about when to sleep and when to be awake sometimes hit roadblocks or detours and arrive in the defame place at the wrong time. This is why someone who has narcolepsy, not managed by medications, may fall asleep while eating dinner or engaged in social activities-or level(p) at times when they are so focused on being awake, yet they cannot be due to their narcoleptic nature. In many cases, however, diagnosis... ...r personal grief. whole kit and boodle Cited1)Sleep Apnea, Snoring, Narcolepsy, Insomnia and Other Causes of Daytime Fatiguehttp//members.tripod.com/sleephealth/sleepdisorderssleepapnea.html2)Better Sleep Nowhttp/ /www.dreamdoctor.com/better/narcolepsy/6.shtml3)Center for Narcolepsy Symptoms and Diagnosishttp//www.med.stanford.edu/school/Psychiatry/narcolepsy/symptoms.html4)Living With Narcolepsyhttp//www.sleepfoundation.org/publications/livingnarcolepsy.html5)Sleepnet.com Apnea Forumhttp//www.sleepnet.com/apnea18/messages/434.html6)Seratonin The chemistry of Well-Beinghttp//www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html7)Sleep Channel Narcolepsyhttp//www.sleepdisorderchannel.net/narcolepsy/treatment.shtml8)Sleep secondary and Integral Therapies http//www.holistic-online.com/Remedies/Sleep/sleep_ins_food-and-diet.htm

Robert Frosts Design Essay -- Poetry Poem Essays Poet

Robert freezes DesignRobert Frosts Design is a meditation on human attempts to see order in the universe--and human failures at perceiving the order that is actually present in disposition. The speaker of the poem perceives what he takes to be a significant alignment, then speculates on what the coincidence might mean, or whether it means anything at all. However, he fails to see that there is a very good reason for the coincidence he spots, and the design of nature that it implies is quite different from anything he suggests. Designby Robert FrostI found a dimpled spider, fat and white, On a white heal-all, holding up a moth Like a white piece of rigid satin cloth-- Assorted characters of death and blight Mixed ready to begin the morning right, Like the ingredients of a witches broth-- A snow-drop spider, a flower like a froth, And dead fly carried like a paper kite. What had that flower to do with being white, The wayside glum and innocent heal-all? What brought the kindred spi der to that height, Then steered the white moth thither in the night? What nevertheless design of nefariousness to appall?--If design govern in a thing so small. The starting point for the speakers thinking is what he perceives to be a coincidence a white spider sits on a white flower holding up a white moth. The coincidence is even more striking because heal-alls are usually blue. In Western culture, the modify white usually symbolizes goodness, purity, and innocence. The language of the poem suggests these connotative links the spider is dimpled as well as fat and white, like a newborn baby. The moths wings are like a white piece of rigid satin cloth, like a bridal dress (or perhaps the lining of a c... ...er would be attracted to a white flower because it would offer some concealment from prey. There is indeed a design at work, but it is not a design of darkness it is simply the order of nature. The existence of such a design leaves open the question of whether God exists.An atheist would take the explanation above as assure that there are rational explanations for natural processes, and that there is no need to invoke the concept of God to explain how the universe works. In other writings, Frost does appear to profess belief in God (albeit belief of a complex kind). The focus of Design, then, is not ultimately the existence or absence of God, but rather the tendency of humans to engage in what John Ruskin called the pathetic fallacy--the act of reading oneself into nature. The first act of responsible belief, Frost implies, is perceive nature as it is.

Virginia Woolfs To The Lighthouse Essay -- To The Lighthouse Essays

She was not inventing she was only trying to smooth out some social function she had been habituated days ago folded up something she had seen. For in the rough and tumble of daily life, with all those children about, all those visitors, one had constantly a sense of repetition-of one thing falling where some other had fallen, and so setting up an echo which chimed in the air and made it full of vibrations. (199) What causes that crumpling? What makes the accumulated images fold up over the years? How slew one smooth out the folds? These are the pivotal questions raised in the above passage, which captures the central exploration in Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse. Change and chaos effect folds in Lilys life. She clings to images of Mrs. Ramsay as an iron. For there are moments when one can neither think nor feel, (Woolf 193), but even in the agony of intense change, one can always see. Like a muse, Mrs. Ramsays lasting presence inspires Lily to create a paintin g that irons out the folds. Lily eventually accepts some distance from Mrs. Ramsay, as well, which becomes another liberating step in the process of smoothing out her jagged soul. When those images are rediscovered, and sometimes re-invented, change is produced. Ultimately, Lily is released from the past, while smoothing out the creases. Lilys ambivalent feelings toward Mrs. Ramsay make her life creased and conflicted Lily feels forced to subscribe to between rejecting the beloved mothering figure or becoming again a panicky, dependent child whose poor self-image undermines her ability to have a vision of her experience (Caramagno 253). She tends toward the position as dependent child because it brings permanence, but she vacillat... ...in To the Lighthouse. Philological Quarterly. 14 April 2002 <http//newfirstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/>. Lilienfeld, Jane. Where the Spear Plants Grew. innovative Feminist Essays on Virginia Woolf. Ed. Jane Marcus. London Macmillan Press, 1981. Mepham, John. Criticism in Focus. New York, NY St. Martins Press, 1992. Minogue, Sally. Was it a vision? Structuring emptiness in To the Lighthouse. Journal of Modern Literature. 12 April 2002 <http//newfirstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/>. Rosenman, Ellen Bayuk. The Invisible Presence Virginia Woolf and the Mother-Daughter Relationship. Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press, 1986. Stewart, Jack. A Need of duration and Blue Space, Color, and Creativity in To the Lighthouse. Twentieth Century Literature 12 April 2002 <http//web6infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/>.

ben franklin Essay -- essays research papers

Ben FranklinBen Franklin became famous for being a scientist, an inventor, a statesman, a printer, a philosopher, and a librarian. Today, we honor Ben Franklin as one of the men who founded America and as one of Americas greatest citizens.genus Benzoin Franklin was born in Boston on January 17, 1706. He was the tenth son of soap maker, Josiah Franklin. Though Ben only had one stratum of schooling he was educated and loved to read and write. He worked as an apprentice to his brother, James, who was a printer, when he was fifteen years old. At the age of seventeen, Ben ran forth and started a new life in Philadelphia as a result of arguments with James. Franklin found work as an apprentice printer and did so well the boor governor of Pennsylvania promised to set him up a business if he traveled to England to buy supplies. The governor never followed up on his promise and Benjamin was forced to spend several months in England doing print work. On returning home, he opened up his own printing business. Around this period of time, in 1728, Ben fathered a child, William, of whom the mother is not known. Two years later he married his childhood sweetheart, Deborah Read. Not only did the Franklins own a print shop, they withal opened a store selling almost everything and a bookstore.Ben Franklin had many accomplishments and was very successful in life. His newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette, was one of the most successful paper in the colonies. He first published Poor Richards...

John Wayne :: essays research papers

Arguably the most(prenominal) popular and certainly the busiest flick leading man in Hollywood history, bottom Wayne entered the film business while works as a laborer on the Fox Studios lot during summer vacations from university, which he attended on a football scholarship. He met and was befriended by John Ford, a young director who was beginning to make a name for himself in action films, comedies, and dramas. Wayne was cast in small roles in Fords late-20s films, occasionally down the stairs the name Duke Morrison. It was Ford who recommended Wayne to director Raoul Walsh for the male lead in the 1930 epic Western The Big Trail, it was a failure at the box office, but the movie showed Waynes potential as a leading actor. During the next nine years, be busied himself in a multitude of B-Westerns and serials most notably Shadow of the Eagle in between occasional bit parts in larger features such(prenominal) as Warner Bros. Baby Face. But it was in action roles that Wayne e xcelled, exuding a warm and impose manliness onscreen to which both men and women could respond. In 1939, Ford cast Wayne as the Ringo Kid in the adventure Stagecoach, a brilliant Western of modest overcome but tremendous power, and the actor finally showed what he could do. Wayne nearly stole a picture filled with Oscar-caliber performances, and his career was made. He starred in most of Fords subsequent major films, whether Westerns (Fort Apache, She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, Rio Grande, The Searchers ) war pictures (They Were Expendable) or serious dramas (The Quiet Man). He also starred in numerous movies for other directors, including several(prenominal) extremely popular World War II thrillers (Flying Tigers, Back to Bataan, Fighting Seabees, Sands of Iwo Jima) costume action films (Reap the Wild Wind, Wake of the Red Witch) and Westerns (Red River). His box-office popularity move steadily through the 1940s, and by the beginning of the 1950s hed also begun producing movies thro ugh his company Wayne-Fellowes, later Batjac, in association with his sons. Most of these films were extremely successful, and included such titles as Angel and the Badman, Island in the Sky , The High and the Mighty ( my personal favorite), and Hondo. The 1958 Western Rio Bravo, directed by Howard Hawks, proved so popular that it was remade by Hawks and Wayne twice, one time as El Dorado and later as Rio Lobo.

John Wayne :: essays research papers

Arguably the nigh popular and certainly the busiest celluloid leading man in Hollywood history, put-on Wayne entered the film business while works as a laborer on the Fox Studios lot during summer vacations from university, which he attended on a football scholarship. He met and was befriended by John Ford, a young director who was beginning to make a name for himself in action films, comedies, and dramas. Wayne was cast in small roles in Fords late-20s films, occasionally chthonic the name Duke Morrison. It was Ford who recommended Wayne to director Raoul Walsh for the male lead in the 1930 epic Western The Big Trail, it was a failure at the box office, but the movie showed Waynes potential as a leading actor. During the next nine years, be busied himself in a multitude of B-Westerns and serials most notably Shadow of the Eagle in between occasional bit parts in larger features such(prenominal) as Warner Bros. Baby Face. But it was in action roles that Wayne excelled, exudin g a warm and howling(a) manliness onscreen to which both men and women could respond. In 1939, Ford cast Wayne as the Ringo Kid in the adventure Stagecoach, a brilliant Western of modest surpass but tremendous power, and the actor finally showed what he could do. Wayne nearly stole a picture filled with Oscar-caliber performances, and his career was made. He starred in most of Fords subsequent major films, whether Westerns (Fort Apache, She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, Rio Grande, The Searchers ) war pictures (They Were Expendable) or serious dramas (The Quiet Man). He also starred in numerous movies for other directors, including several(prenominal) extremely popular World War II thrillers (Flying Tigers, Back to Bataan, Fighting Seabees, Sands of Iwo Jima) costume action films (Reap the Wild Wind, Wake of the Red Witch) and Westerns (Red River). His box-office popularity locomote steadily through the 1940s, and by the beginning of the 1950s hed also begun producing movies through his company Wayne-Fellowes, later Batjac, in association with his sons. Most of these films were extremely successful, and included such titles as Angel and the Badman, Island in the Sky , The High and the Mighty ( my personal favorite), and Hondo. The 1958 Western Rio Bravo, directed by Howard Hawks, proved so popular that it was remade by Hawks and Wayne twice, at once as El Dorado and later as Rio Lobo.

Landing at Inchon

Landing at Inchon Foolish Risk or Calculated Gamble? Campaign Analysis procedure CHROMITE The Ultimate Ch onlyenge for the look acrosser is deciding on where and when to commit furiousnesss to better leverage available combat power a do goodst the opp wizardnt. ecumenic Douglas MacArthur has been criticized for his decision, even though it succeeded, to drive the invasion of Korea at the harbor of Inchon. This paper explores the legitimacy of that decision ftd on the principles of military power. A popular military aphorism is that victory has a thousand fathers, while defeat is an orphan.The American invasion of Inchon during the Korean state of war must certainly be the exception to this. General Douglas MacArthur, loved by some, hate by others, rightfully deserves all of the credit for such a bold and audacious decision. In retrospect, his decision deserves perhaps a bit more circumspection. If Inchon had failed, whether tactically or strategically, not only could the fi ghtfares outcome have been different, and most certainly MacArthur would have been lambasted in his own time, as easy as our own by arm chair theorists and generals.Was his decision soundly based in military principles, balanced by checks to means? Or was it a gamblers last toss of the dice? Americas war aims at the onset of the Korean War were simple Drive the spousal relationship Korean Peoples Army (NKPA) out of South Korea, back across the 38 th parallel and re-establish peace on American terms. These were the open aims. The strategic precedentities give sound strikingly familiar to those familiar with strategic debate in this era of Bosnia, Somalia, Haiti and Operation Desert Storm End the war as quickly as possible and keep U. S. casualties to a minimum.Even in the 1950s, there was a political drive to keep wars short and bloodless to create national ends without expending resources. Perhaps the national tendency to hope to attain something for nothing is a fundamental characteristic of America. For the North Koreans, the opposite was true. Kim Il sings aim was to reunify the two Koreas. Since he could not accomplish this politically, he resorted to military means to gain a political end. He had committed North Koreas limited resources and manpower utterly and completely to the reunification of the Korean peninsula.Kim Il Sung may not have realized it, only if he had two possible branches of strategic priorities. The first was to drive the Americans out of the Pusan Perimeter and back to Japan, thus allowing him time to consolidate his move over politically, socially and militarily on Korea. The second branch, far more subtle, would have been to keep the Americans bottled up at Pusan and continue to attrit American lives, while consolidating his hold and strengthening his commodious logistic tail. By killing Americans, North Korea could make victory appear extremely costly to the American goernment and perhaps wear down the political will t o fight.The political will to fight would be backed up by how the American military would actually conduct the fight. American doctrine has historically been inclose by the notion of preparing to fight the next war as the last integrity was fought. While this type of doctrinal thinking came back to haunt the U. S. in Vietnam st roamly enough, it was the correct approach for Korea. The American military had of course, only just finished fighting creation War Two five years prior to North Koreas invasion of South Korea. While the U. S. orce structure had been dramatically drawn down and was unprepared to fight the next war, its doctrinal approach to waging war had not changed. American doctrine during the previous war was nauseatingly oriented, relying originally on the invertebrate foot to hold anchor terrain once the competitor had been pushed off. The attrition of enemy runs was secondary to seizing and defending terra firma. Offensive action was used to envelop a foes fl ank, without resorting to frontal assaults. Armors role was to gain the initiative either with an envelopment or a penetration at a weak point in the enemys front.Tanks were regarded as the best weapon to kill another tank. The doctrinal use of artillery and close air support made great strides during World War Two. By the end of that war, the U. S. Army was very good at conducting offensive war, largely because they did not have to defend their own homeland as the German Army had been soldieryd to do. However, American defensive doctrine was weaker. Reliance on fortified sozzledpoints made penetration of American lines easy, as the 1 st Armored Division discovered to its grief during the opening phase of the Kasserine Pass battles.A toughpoint defense with mobile armored counterattack forces might work against an attacking tank share, but it was ill-equipped to deal with an infiltrating infantry force which attacked at night, bypassing the strongpoint and raided logistical ba ses. On the whole, the experience of the previous World Wars had molded the American commanders methods of waging combat. General Douglas MacArthur had been a controlal commander during World War One and an Army commander during World War Two. During both of his previous experiences, he had relied on boldness, audacity and the offensive to gain and maintain the initiative over his opponents.MacArthurs brilliant use of amphibious operations in the Pacific against the Japanese had already provided him with the experience necessary to decide on an amphibious landing place place at Inchon, far behind enemy lines, to cut off the North Korean logistical lines of communication and quickly recapture the capital of South Korea, Seoul. As the American doctrinal approach to the operation was the same as in the previous conflict, so essentially were the forces at MacArthurs disposal The U. S. Army force structure was centered on the pre-eminence of the infantry divisions, with integrated armor support.An infantry division had three commands, with three battalions each, and four infantry companies per battalion. The division also had one tank battalion, parceling one company of M-24s (outgunned in comparison to the Russian made T-34 which the North Koreans used) to each regiment. During the drawdown which followed World War Two, the number of infantry battalions per regiment was reduced by one. The infantrymens arsenal largely consisted of small arms, mortars and heavy machine guns. However, the infantry had no truly effective anti-tank weapon. The standard issue 2. 36 inch rocket was no match for the thick armor of the T-34.The three division artillery battalions (one per infantry regiment) had also suffered cutbacks, dropping from three batteries each to two. With this structure, the X corps, commanded by Major General Almond, was established to conduct the amphibious assault at Inchon. X army corps consisted of the 1st ocean Division, plus one regiment withdrawn fro m the Pusan Perimeter in order to bring that Division to a full wartime strength of three regiments, and the 7th Infantry Division. While X army corps was the assault force, overall command and joint support was under the umbrella control of Joint Task Force (JTF) 7, with seven subordinate task forces.JTF-7 was a true joint operational command, incorporating Navy, Army and Marine units in order to support the assault force. JTF-7 would collide with the North Koreans at a weak, unprepared point, effecting surprise and mass before the North Koreans could react. North Korean military doctrine closely resembled the Chinese model. Mao Tse Tungs approach was to avoid strong points and infiltrate an enemys lines to hit the weakly defended rear areas, in order to destroy zippy logistical areas. The North Koreans were not as street bound as the American army was, which gave them more flexibility than the Americans.North Korean equipment was largely Russian and Chinese made, including th e awesome Russian T-34. The North Korean force structure closely resembled the Chinese and Soviet triangular formation. On the offense, the two up and one back method was used. On the defense, this formation was reversed. The infantry divisions main body was usually preceded by four tank battalions, whose objective was to punch through an opponents main defenses and continue on into the rear areas, leave the infantry to mop up.While sorely lacking in air support with only nineteen outdated Soviet aircraft and almost no navy to give tongue to of, the North Koreans did possess the T-34 tank and towed artillery. In the Inchon/Seoul area, the 3 d, 10 th and 13 th Divisions were astride the Seoul-Taejon-Taegu highway, within easy striking range of the landing areas. Some 400 soldiers of the 3 d Bn, 226 th Independent Marine Regiment and elements of the 918 th Artillery Regiment defended Wolmi-do Island, the invasions initial objective. North Korean shore artillery consisted of 75mm gun s inside concrete revetments. Operation CHROMITE succeeded for several reasons.First, the U. S. (with British assistance) was able to establish and maintain air supremacy strike aircraft were able to hit North Korean units during daylight hours and attrit units in the Seoul-Inchon area. Control of the skies permitted the isolation of the invasion area and prevented reinforcing units from reaching the invasion area. Control of the sea permitted the logistical support of the assault force without fear of interruption by enemy surface or submarine forces. The presence of a secure logistical base on Japan ensured a smooth flow of supplies, both to units at Inchon as healthy as Pusan.With naval gunfire support, the Americans also pounded defensive positions on Wolmi-do Island with high explosives and napalm, effectively neutralizing the North Koreans. Securing the island was absolutely unfavourable to success of the operation, because without it, the North Koreans could enfilade the in vading amphibious forces with artillery and small arms fire. The capture of key terrain at Inchon, specifically Cemetery and Observatory Hills was also crucial in ensuring that X Corps would have a secure beachhead. Seizing the high ground east of Inchon at Yongdungpo and Sosa gave the American the advantage of holding key terrain rom which to continue their operations to the east. The capture of Kimpo airfield on the morning of 18 September facilitated the staging of Marine Corsairs flying Close Air Support cathexiss for the Marines on the ground. Further, small unit actions, such as the capture of the causeway linking Wolmi-do with Inchon exposit the value of highly trained, motivated, veteran soldiers as a combat multiplier. In retrospect, the preconditions for victory were already and in place and the outcome of foregone conclusion the combining of U. S. naval and air supremacy seem to have guaranteed it.However, the most critical action was Douglas MacArthurs genius minded d etermination to land X Corps at Inchon instead of the location preferred by the Joint Chiefs, Kunsan, 100 air miles south of Inchon. MacArthur had other options, besides Kunsan, which all seemed more prudent, but he stuck to his guns. Indeed, if he had simply introduced more troops into the Pusan Perimeter, or had made the envelopment more shallow, he would not have ended up with the results he achieved Namely, a complete disruption of the North Korean LOCs and the recapture of Seoul.Instead of simply pushing the North Koreans back or pushing from another side, CHROMITE was designed to completely unhinge the North Koreans and throw them off balance by hitting them from the rear. Only MacArthurs decision ensured a quick victory without resorting to a slow, bloody serial of battles back north up the Korean peninsula, which would have allowed the North Koreans to retreat along their supply lines. The smashing success of CHROMITE, followed by the recapture of Seoul, coupled with the breach from the Pusan Perimeter by the Eighth Army, helped the Americans accomplish their principle war aim.The North Koreans were unable to disengage from the American Eight Army units in front of them and honor the invasion area. As part of their force was held by Eighth Army, even while withdrawing, North Korean rear area support units were devastated by X Corps. MacArthurs hammer and anvil technique ensured the virtual collapse of the North Korean army. While the Americans gained their goals, the North Koreans nearly lost everything. In their gamble, they had committed all of their resources, stretching themselves thinly, only to have their logistical tail cut behind them.They retreated rapidly back across the 38 th Parallel, closely pursued by American and ROK units. MacArthurs decision to land at Inchon, instead of further to the south as the Joint Chiefs would have preferred, was not only in accordance with the classic fundamentals of war, but more subtly, closely adhered to Clausewitzs approach. MacArthur realized that he had to make a political statement as well as conduct a military operation. The psychological effect of quickly recapturing the South Korean national capital sent a very strong statement to the rest of the Pacific rim, including China and Russia.CHROMITE was shrewdly designed to signal that America stood by her allies and would come through in a crisis. MacArthurs adherence to the principles of war is a model for future similar operations OBJECTIVE General MacArthur chose Inchon as the landing site for the amphibious operation primarily because of its proximity to Seoul, the capital of South Korea. Inchon, located on the west coast of the Korean peninsula, is eighteen miles west of Seoul. MacArthur saw the recapture of Seoul as vital for winning the support of the United Nations and for putting fire into the motivation of the Allied Asian countries.Inchon was thus not only a military objective but a political one. OFFENSIVE MacArthu r saw Operation CHROMITE as the means towards taking the initiative away from the North Koreans. CHROMITE would place the Allied forces on the offensive and gain the decisive momentum required to prevent the war from stagnating and becoming a long, drawn out war of attrition which MacArthur, a veteran of World War One was already familiar with. MASS The invasion force, X Corps, consisted of 70,000 troops. Intelligence estimates put the NKPA strength in the Inchon-Seoul area at 8,000 soldiers, of whom 1,800-2,500 were garrisoned in the landing area.This was later confirmed by POWs who stated that the Inchon garrison numbered 2,000. The U. S. Eighth Army, in the Pusan perimeter, was occupying the attention of the NKPA in the south and would keep the North Koreans busy in that sector. parsimony OF FORCE MacArthur ordered one Marine regiment out of the Pusan perimeter in order to beef up the 1 st Marine Division, X Corps. This was a great risk, but the 1 st Division commander, Major Ge neral Oliver Smith, did not feel that he would be able to accomplish the landings without the regiment.When MacArthur reviewed the risk of pulling one regiment out of Pusan, he reasoned that once the landings were successful, the NKPA would withdraw north to counterattack, thus taking pressure off Eighth Army. MANEUVER The Americans had the advantage of inside(prenominal) lines at the Pusan perimeter, but were free to exploit exterior lines because of the lack of an opposing naval force. The North Koreans were strung out all along the Korean peninsula with long LOCs. The NKPA was also at a disadvantage because of their terrain induced flanks the Korean coastline.CHROMITE was designed to be a flank attack with the goal of attacking deep in the enemys rear, disrupting his LOCs and cutting off the main forces avenue of retreat. UNITY OF COMMAND General MacArthur activated X Corps, appointing his Chief of Staff, Major General Edward Almond, as the commander. This was more critical than it appears on the surface because of the very multi-service nature of the Corps. With one Marine Division and one Army Division, a lesser commander might have discrete to let each Division commander have his own area, without a single unified command and staff structure.MacArthurs creation of X Corps for a single mission ensured that he could pick a commander who would follow his guidance to the letter, ensuring mission success, without squabbling over seniority and interservice rivalries. X Corps sole mission was the Inchon landings and the subsequent capture of Seoul. General Almond understood this, and also knew that once the landings were completed, he was to return to Japan and continue his duties as the Far East Command CofS. SECURITY MacArthur realized that operational security of Operation CHROMITE was of primary importance to the success of the landings.Surprise could not be achieved unless the enemy was caught wholly unprepared. Under a garment of secrecy, X Corps staged out of Yokohoma and Kobe Japan behind a perfect natural screen, Typhoon June and in front of another one, Typhoon Kezia. SURPRISE This was achieved partly because of paltry North Korean air and naval capability to gather intelligence on American troop movements. Also, Inchon was not considered the best location for an amphibious assault, by anyone, North Korean or American. Inchon has no beaches, only mud flats. There is also a serious tide problem, with a tidal variance of -. feet at low tide and 32 feet at high tide. However, CHROMITE was a complete success. The assault troops encountered only spotty resistance and friendly casualties were much light source than expected. Within 24 hours of the main landings, the 1 st Marine Division had secured the high ground six miles east of Inchon. SIMPLICITY CHROMITE was designed to be a single envelopment. X Corps made the amphibious assault at Inchon while the Eighth Army broke out of the Pusan perimeter to tie down and hold the NKPA in place. This prevented the North Koreans from reinforcing their rear areas.The Eighth Army was then to drive north, pushing the logistically cut off NKPA back north, where the Americans would link up with the landing force at Seoul. CHRONOLOGY OF OPERATION CHROMITE 4 July- Planning conference chaired by MacArthur, who proposes an amphibious assault designed to cut the North Korean Lines of Communication (LOC) at Seoul. 12 August- CINCFE Operation 100-B issued naming Inchon as the target area for the assault. 23 August- Planning conference in Washington, during which MacArthur convincingly presents his case for the assault at Inchon. 6 August- General Order 24 is issued activating X Corps, naming Major General Almond as the commander. 28 August- The Joint Chiefs concur in principle with MacArthurs plan. 31 August- Lt. Eugene Clark begins his intelligence collection mission at Yonghung-do. 3 September- JTF 7 OPLAN 9-50 issued. 4 September- Air attacks begin against North Korean forces in the Seoul-Inchon area. MacArthur places the 1 st Marine Brigade under X Corps. 6 September- MacArthur confirms earlier orders and announces that D-Day will be 15 September. 11 September- X Corps units, the 1 st Marine Division and 7 th Infantry Division depart from ports in Japan. 3-14 September- The U. S. Navys Gunfire Support group arrives off Inchon and begins the bombardment of Wolmi-do Island with air support provided by TF 77. 15 September- D-Day- X Corps arrives at Inchon. 0500 Air strikes hit Wolmi-do Island. 0630 High tide in Inchon harbor. 0633 3 d Bn, 5 th Marines land at Wolmi-do Island. 0750 Wolmi-do is secured. 1730 High tide in Inchon harbor. 1732 1 st Marine Regiment lands at Blue Beach, Inchon. 1733 5 th Marine Regiment lands at Red Beach, Inchon. 16 September- D+1 7 th Infantry Division begins arriving at Inchon harbor. 130 Initial D-Day objectives secured. 18-19 September 7 th Infantry Division lands and moves south of Inchon into a blocking position to protec t the beachhead from counterattacks from the south. BIBLIOGRAPHY Appleman, Roy E. South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (June-November 1950). The U. S. Army in World War II. Washington, DC Office of the Chief of armed services History, Department of the Army, 1961. Doughty, Robert A. The Evolution of U. S. Army Tactical Doctrine, 1946-76. Leavenworth Papers No. 1. Ft. Leavenworth, KS Combat Studies Institute, U. S. Army Command and General Staff College.

Organizational Development

CASE STUDY MODULE 17 ORGANIZATIONAL maturation PQHRM/53-025 H E B MARASINGHE Contents Acknowledgement3 innovation to the case guide4 Literature Re scenery5 What is OD interposition ? 5 Factors That pertain the Success of OD Interventions can be listed under two main headings,5 Intervention Categories7 The achievement of organisational instruction9 Change steering11 Report to be given to chief operating officer of Nuran food products12 Implementing an effective and victorious OD cognitive operation12 Impact of Closing cut of plant in Kandy15 Recommendations16Acknowledgement I would like to thank either the lecturers at the Institute of Personnel Management, specially to all the tutors who manoeuvre and helped me to complete the 17th module case study successfully. And all my friends who helped me in numerous flairs to complete the case study and to understand the subject matter. Introduction to the case study Nuran food products (NFP) is supplier of processed bottle food products to leading super market chain. Presently two factories be operating atomic number 53 in Kandy and the some other plant in Colombo.Both of the plants uses traditional simple techniques in the production process, and these plants atomic number 18 operated by extremely trustworthy employees to the governing body but not very educated and with very limited slope knowledge. Presently the company is enjoying a good market share and the management has considered renovating the factories with state of the art equipment with the view of enhancing the production capacity. If new machinery is bought in the Colombo plant itself alone can meet the flow market demand, and the Kandy plant could be closed down to calumniate the overhead cost and to maximize the revenues.The new processing machinery equipment requires sophisticated skills from production operators including reading technical manuals, operating computerized equipment and performing a full(a) variety of other task s. The vendor suggests that the new equipment is most effective when the employees are organized in to self managed teams. Presently the cultivateforce is 65, and with the new modernized plant it will save require 55 employees. A manager who is supporting the modernization process has said that only 10 jobs are affected, and the HR implications are minimal.Under the case study a detail study will be carried out on all implications of the plant modernization in Colombo and Closure of plant in Kandy. Literature Review Considering the above scenario the presidential term is prep to do a ripening to the current institution. What is ecesis go upment? Organizational development is concerned with the planning and implementation of political programmes designed to enhance the potential with which an giving medication functions and responds to kind. Overall, the aim is to adopt a intend and coherent approach to improving formational effectiveness.An effective giving medication can be defined broadly as one that achieves its purpose by meeting the wants and needs of its s begetholders, matching its resources to opportunities, adapting flexibly to surroundingsal win overs and creating a finale that promotes commitment, creativity, shared values and mutual trust. An ecesis is the planned coordination of the activities of a number of people for the achievement of some common explicit purpose or goal, by division of labor and function, and through a hierarchy of authority and responsibility (Edgar Shein) An organization development is done through planned organization interjections.What is OD hinderance ? The term Intervention refers to a set of sequenced, planned actions or events intended to help an organization to increase its effectiveness. Interventions purposely disrupt the status quo they are roll attempts to switch an organization or sub-unit toward a assorted and more effective state Criteria for Effective Interventions In OD three major criteria define the effectiveness of an incumbrance 1. The Extent to Which it (the Intervention) fits the needs of the organization. 2. The degree to which it is based on causal knowledge of intended outcomes 3.The extent to which the OD intervention transfers change-management competence to organization members. Factors That Impact the Success of OD Interventions can be listed under two main headings, 1. Factors relating to Change Situation These relate to the environment of the organization and include the physical and world being environment. 2. Factors Related to the Target of Change These relate to the specific targets at which OD interventions are targeted. The targets of change can be different issues of the organization and at different levels Factors relating to Change Situation I.Readiness for Change Intervention success depends heavily on the organization being ready for planned change. II. Capability to Change Managing planned change requires particular knowledge and skills including the ability to motivate change, to lead change, to develop political support, to manage transition, and to sustain momentum. III. Cultural Context The national culture at heart which an organization is embedded can exert a powerful influence on members reactions to change, and so intervention design must account for the cultural values and assumptions held by organization members.IV. Capabilities of the Change Agent (OD Consultant) The success of OD interventions depend to a great extent on the expertise, experience and talents of the consultant. Factors Related to the Target of Change A. Organizational Issues I. Strategic Issues Strategic issues refer to major decisions of organizations such as what products or services to offer, which markets to serve, mergers, acquisitions, expansions, etc. II. Technology and Structure Issues These refer to issues relating to how organizations divide their work amongst departments and how they organize among departments.III. H uman Resource Issues These issues are concerned with attracting competent people to the organization, setting goals for them, appraising and rewarding their performance, and ensuring that they develop their careers and manage try out. IV. Human Process Issues These issues puddle to do with social processes occurring among organization members, such as communication, decision-making, leadership, and group kinetics. B. Organizational LevelsOD interventions are aimed at different levels of the organization individual, group, organization and trans-organization (for example different offices of the organization around the globe or between organization and its suppliers, customers, etc. ) Intervention Categories Human Process Interventions A. The following interventions deal with interpersonal relationships and group dynamics. I. T Groups The prefatory T Group brings ten to fifteen strangers together with a professional trainer to examine the social dynamics that emerge from their i nteractions. II.Process Consultation This intervention focuses on interpersonal relations and social dynamics occurring in work groups. III. Third Party Interventions This change method is a form of process consultation aimed at dysfunctional interpersonal relations in organizations. IV. team Building This intervention helps work groups become more effective in accomplishing tasks. B. The following Interventions deal with human processes that are more organization wide than single or small-group oriented. I. Organization Confrontation Meeting This change method mobilizes rganization members to identify problems, set action targets, and nonplus working on problems. II. Intergroup Relations These interventions are designed to improve interactions among different groups or departments in organizations. III. Large-group Interventions These interventions involve getting abroad variety of stakeholders into a hulking meeting to clarify important values, to develop new ways of working, t o articulate a new vision for the organization, or to solve pressing organizational problems. IV. football field Organization Development This normative intervention specifies a particular way to manage an organization.Techno-Structural Interventions These interventions deal with an organizations technology (for examples its task methods and job design) and coordinate (for example, division of labor and hierarchy). These interventions are rooted in the disciplines of engineering, sociology, and psychology and in the applied fields of socio-technical systems and organization design. Consultants place emphasis both on productiveness and human fulfillment. I. Structural Design This change process concerns the organizations division of labor how to specialize task performances.Diagnostic guidelines exist to determine which structure is usurp for particular organizational environments, technologies, and conditions. II. Downsizing This intervention reduces costs and bureaucracy by dec reasing the size of the organization through personnel layoffs, organization redesign, and outsourcing. III. Re-engineering This recent intervention radically redesigns the organizations core work processes to create tighter linkage and coordination among the different tasks Human Resource Management Interventions I. Goal Setting This change program involves setting clear and challenging goals.It attempts to improve organization effectiveness by establishing a better fit between personal and organizational objectives. II. Performance idea This intervention is a systematic process of conjointly assessing work-related achievements, strengths and weaknesses, III. Reward Systems This intervention involves the design of organizational rewards to improve employee satisfaction and performance. IV. Career Planning and development It in the main focuses on managers and professional staff and is seen as a way of improving the quality of their work life.V. Managing workforce diversity Import ant trends, such as the change magnitude number of women, ethnic minorities, and physically and mentally challenged people in the workforce, require a more flexible set of policies and practices. VI. Employee Wellness These interventions include employee assistance programs (EAPs) and stress management. Strategic Interventions These interventions link the internal functioning of the organization to the larger environment and transform the organization to keep pace with changing conditions. I.Integrated Strategic Change It argues that affair strategies and organizational systems must be changed together in response to external and internal disruptions. A strategic change plan helps members manage the transition between a current strategy and organization design and the desired future strategic orientation. II. Trans organization development This intervention helps organizations to enter into alliances, partnerships and joint ventures to perform tasks or solve problems that are too complex for single organizations to figure out III.Merger and Acquisition Integration This intervention describes how OD practitioners can assist two or more organizations to form a new entity. IV. Culture Change This intervention helps organizations to develop cultures (behaviors, values, beliefs and norms) let to their strategies and environments. V. Self-designing organizations This change program helps organizations gain the capacity to alter themselves fundamentally. It is a highly participative process, involving multiple stakeholders in setting strategic directions and designing and implementing appropriate structures and processes.VI. Organization learning and knowledge management. The process of Organizational Development Source http//roblamothe. hubpages. com The Organizational Development (OD) process is complicated and it takes long time to complete the process. It takes minimum of one year and sometimes continues indefinitely. There are different approaches to OD pro cess but the typical process consists of seven steps, viz. , initial diagnosis, data meetion, data feedback and confrontation, action planning and problem solving, team building, inter group development and military rank and follow up. . Initial Diagnosis If executives recognize that there are inadequacies within organization which can be corrected by OD activities, it is necessary to convalesce out the professional and competent people within the organization to plan and execute OD activities. If competent people are not available within the organization the services activities are to be taken. The consultants adopt various methods including interviews, questionnaires, direct observation, analysis of documents and reports for diagnosing the problem. 2. Data CollectionSurvey method is used to collect the data and in organic law for determining organizational climate and identifying the behavioral problems. 3. Data Feedback and Confrontation Data collected are analyzed and reviewe d by various work groups formed from this purpose in order to mediate in the areas of disagreement or confrontation of ideas or opinions and to establish priorities. 4. Selection and Design of Interventions The interventions are the planned activities that are introduced into the system to accomplish desired changes and improvements.At this stage the casingable interventions are to be selected and designed. 5. Implementation of Intervention The selected intervention should be implemented. Intervention may take the form of workshops, feedback of data to the participants, group discussions, written exercises, on-the-job activities, redesign of control system etc. Interventions are to be implemented steadily as the process is not short, quick for organizational malady. But it achieves real and lasting change in the attitudes and behavior of employees. 6.Action Planning and problem Solving Groups lay recommendations and specific action planning to solve the specific and identified pro blems by using data collected. 7. Team Building The consultants encourage the employees throughout the process to form into groups and teams by explaining the advantages of the teams in the OD process, by arranging joint meetings with the managers, subordinates etc. 8. Inter group Development The consultants encourage the inter group meetings, interaction etc. , after the formation of groups/teams.After identifying organizational development interventions the organization development process needs to be carried out. once the development is done the change process should take place, that is migrating from the old system to the new system. No matter how successful or suitable the OD process is if it fails to manage the transition period. Change management Above change management activities should be given priority. while appointing a change agent to drive the change management through. Report to be given to CEO of Nuran food products To CEO of Nuran Food ProductsFrom Harindra Marasing he of XYZ company Subject Implications of the proposed plant modernization in Colombo and closure of the Plant In Kandy Company is looking at an organization development process, that is it has shown the interest in improving its existing process in order to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency while gearing itself to meet external environment competition. This report will consist of following three sections, 1. Implementing an effective successful OD process 2. Impacts on closing down of Kandy Plant 3. RecommendationsImplementing an effective and successful OD process This OD process should make sure that it full fills the following, * It should be planned, * Implemented organization wide * Increase health and effectiveness of the organization * Planned interventions * Using behavioral science knowledge to understand people, business systems and their interactions How successful this process will be depending on the following, 1. How well this process suits the organization 2. what is the knowledge we throw away about the relevance of inputs and out puts of this process 3.How well we can sustain this change management process Considering the above it is evident that the first of all two conditions are met beyond doubt, but the question is will it be sustainable? will the employees be able to adopt to the change? it is said by the vendor that the employees should be able to read the manuals which are in English and to operate the computerized equipment to get the most out from the new machinery, with the educational level the current employees have will they be able to cope up with this? Following could be suggested to overcome the present situation,Make the employees ready for change Let the employees understand why this change process is taking place and why it is important, what should be there contribution towards this process to be successful, listen to their suggestions and proposals. Make them a part of this change process. Give necessary skills to face the change situation The new processing machinery equipment requires sophisticated skills from production operators including reading technical manuals, operating computerized equipment and performing a wide variety of other tasks.The vendor suggests that the new equipment is most effective when the employees are organized in to self managed teams. Most of the employees have very limited English knowledge and reading the manuals will be a huge barrier, to overcome this it will be much easier to translate those manual to whatever language that they are familiar with rather than trying to teach them English which will be much time consuming and costly. Cultural Context The process have to suit the current traditional culture where supervisors make decisions and gives orders. his culture is successful in the company and should be maintained. Appointing a suitable change agent A change agent is an event, organization, material thing or, more usually, a person that acts as a cata lyst for change. He/she should have a thorough have a understanding of the organization and the process. Apart from the above following characteristics are vital, 1. Sensitivity to changes in aboriginal personnel, top management perceptions and market conditions, and to the way in which these bushel the goals of the project. 2. Setting of clearly defined, realistic goals. . Flexibility in responding to changes without the control of the project manager, perhaps requiring major shifts in project goals and management style. 4. Team-building abilities, to bring together key stakeholders and establish effective working groups, and to define and delegate respective responsibilities clearly. 5. Networking skills in establishing and maintaining appropriate contacts within and outside the organization. 6. Tolerance of ambiguity, to be able to function comfortably, patiently and effectively in an uncertain environment. 7.Communication skills to transmit effectively to colleagues and subord inates the need for changes in the project goals and in individual tasks and responsibilities. 8. Interpersonal skills, across the range, including selection, listening, collecting appropriate information, identifying the concerns of others, and managing meetings. 9. ad hominem enthusiasm in expressing plans and ideas. 10. Stimulating motivation and commitment in others involved. 11. Selling plans and ideas to others by creating a desirable and challenging vision of the future. 2. Negotiating with key players for resources, for changes in procedures, and to resolve conflict. 13. Political awareness in identifying potential coalitions, and in balancing conflicting goals and perceptions. 14. Influencing skills, to gain commitment to project plans and ideas from potential skeptics and resisters. 15. Helicopter perspectives, to stand back from the speedy project and take a broader view of priorities Above described is contingencies related to change situation. or this process to be im plement smoothly following organization development interventions could be recommended, Human Process Interventions The following interventions deal with interpersonal relationships and group dynamics. 1. T Groups The basic T Group brings ten to fifteen strangers together with a professional trainer to examine the social dynamics that emerge from their interactions. 2. Process Consultation This intervention focuses on interpersonal relations and social dynamics occurring in work groups. 3.Third Party Interventions This change method is a form of process consultation aimed at dysfunctional interpersonal relations in organizations. 4. Team Building This intervention helps work groups become more effective in accomplishing tasks. The following Interventions deal with human processes that are more system wide than individualistic or small-group oriented. 1. Organization Confrontation Meeting This change method mobilizes organization members to identify problems, set action targets, and begin working on problems. 2.Intergroup Relations These interventions are designed to improve interactions among different groups or departments in organizations. 3. Large-group Interventions These interventions involve getting abroad variety of stakeholders into a large meeting to clarify important values, to develop new ways of working, to articulate a new vision for the organization, or to solve pressing organizational problems. 4. Grid Organization Development This normative intervention specifies a particular way to manage an organization. Human Resource Management Interventions 1.Goal Setting This change program involves setting clear and challenging goals. It attempts to improve organization effectiveness by establishing a better fit between personal and organizational objectives. 2. Performance Appraisal This intervention is a systematic process of jointly assessing work-related achievements, strengths and weaknesses, 3. Reward Systems This intervention involves the design o f organizational rewards to improve employee satisfaction and performance. 4. Career Planning and development It generally focuses on managers and professional taff and is seen as a way of improving the quality of their work life. 5. Managing workforce diversity Important trends, such as the increasing number of women, ethnic minorities, and physically and mentally challenged people in the workforce, require a more flexible set of policies and practices. 6. Employee Wellness These interventions include employee assistance programs (EAPs) and stress management. above attention towards human resource will prepare the employees both mentally and physically to the change process. Above mentioned is the Human resource element of the OD process. ince the organization is changing techno structural intervention is important to the organization I. Structural Design This change process concerns the organizations division of labor how to specialize task performances. Diagnostic guidelines exi st to determine which structure is appropriate for particular organizational environments, technologies, and conditions. II. Downsizing This intervention reduces costs and bureaucracy by decreasing the size of the organization through personnel layoffs, organization redesign, and outsourcing. III.Re-engineering This recent intervention radically redesigns the organizations core work processes to create tighter linkage and coordination among the different tasks Impact of Closing down of plant in Kandy Out of the 65 employees most of the employees who are attached to Kandy plant must be from surrounding neighborhood. As per HR manager the proposed new work force of 55 is sufficient for the new operation, but the problem arises whether employees from Kandy are willing to travel to Colombo on daily basis, and even if they do what will be their output? If we destroy 10 employees what will be the mental impact on other employees? his might create questions about job security among other employees as well, and end point might have a negative impact from the social perspective. Recommendations Human resource is the most vital asset that an any organization has. Nuran food products have been successful as result of its human resource. Changing the organization overall process will have a huge impact on all the employees and terminating the excess 10 employees will create an additional pressure on the work force. As mentioned above for the employees who are willing to travel from Kandy it is recommended to provide them with modification and other benefits.Naturally some of the employees will resign as a result of travelling distance problem, and it should be always kept in mind that this loyal work force have brought the company to its present situation, and it is recommended to keep all existing 65 employees. for future a good planned recruitment process should be laid down, educated people should be recruited and they should be properly trained to maximize the out puts. It is a good strategic decision to close down the Kandy plant provided content of the above report is taken in to consideration.

Pushing Paper Can Be Fun Essay

1.Organizational and Personal Outcomes What per representance problems is the captain trying to address?Behavior- Officers not doing paperwork, or when done, is in peg. Result Cases being lost, due to suffering reporting.The officers lack motivation and perceive filling out reports as boring.2.Goal Statement What would be a desirable outcome?A desirable outcome would be that officers perceive their jobs to include paperwork, and that they understand the value and importance of filling reports adequately and correctly in an assigned time frame.3.What has the master copy already tried doing to function the problem?To help motivate the officers, team competitions were established. These were establish on the excellence of the reports. The competition provided no reward.An idea suggested to the Captain is to include financial rewards as incentives, based on the number of conviction records. These are also related to motivational factors.4.Using the MARS Model to diagnose the prac tical causes of the unacceptable behavior and to explain what the Captain should do to resolve the situation.The MARS Model outlines the four major factors in determining individual behavior and results. The four major factors consist of Motivation, capability, Role Perceptions and military position Factors.Motivational The police officers are lacking motivation when it comes to doing paperwork. Their paper work is frequently put off or completed inadequately. They are aware that publicity is not based on how well they complete paperwork rather it is based by simply staying on the force for a certain number of years.Ability I would assume that officers do not receive adequate training on proper report making while attending the police academy. similarly some officers may have more of an aptitude than others when it comes to writing.Role Perceptions The officers perceive their job as peace, law and order. They think of paperwork as boring and routine. A possible switch off is tha t they dont understand the value attached to providing an adequate and correct report. This perception may have been established due to improper training, the rookies are being taught by other officers, who themselves have never been formally trained. The personalities of the officers as well as their personal values play a role in how they perceive their job to be.Situational Factors The case did not mention any situational factors however there is one possible factor. There isnt enough funding for rewards, so little, that layoffs are being considered. This poses a problem in that, if officers are laid off then there is less of them to perform the task, thus making the issue worse, not improving it.SuggestionsFirst off in order for things to improve, it needs to start with the Captain. He himself claims the work to be routine and boring this attitude passes cut back to his fellow officers. Something as simple as changing his perception, would help motivate the officers.Secondly, a ll officers including the Captain should be retrained. This willing insure consistency throughout. Fewer cases will be lost, and establishing future incentive plans will be must easier.Thirdly, The Captain could decrease the hours officers spend out on the streets, and allocate more time for the officers to complete their paper work.Motivation by Punishment If a case were to lose due to a faulty report, then the officer responsible for filling the form would have to attend a training session. To avoid the officers from falling back into the same habit, he could also punish them with a week of traffic duty. (I cogitate most cops prefer to be fighting crime, not issuing traffic tickets).Motivation by Incentive As the case study mentioned, the police shoes is experiencing a budget crunch. An affordable method could be to provide officers with free perks, for completing their paper work adequately, correctly and on time. Such things as archetypal pick of the squat car, which area/st reet they prefer to patrol and being able to choose cases that interest them most.

Sentence and Answer Selected Answer

school principal 1 . 2 come fall out(p) of the closet of 2 points correct Stringing a raft of independent clauses together with ands and buts results in the infamous consequence Selected serve c. Run on sentence . head word 2 . 2 out of 2 points check When two independent clauses are glued together with nothing more than comma the result is a wait on comma splice. . Question 3 . 2 out of 2 points invent An dependent clause masquerading as s sentence is known as a resoluteness position behave a. fragment. . Question 4 . 2 out of 2 points represent When the elements of a sentence are put in series or a list and are the same well-formed liberal, the technique is called final resultCorrect resolving b. parallelism. . Question 5 . 2 out of 2 points Correct Your text tells you that no racial, ethnic or sexual _____________ should ever come out of the closet in your writing. act derogation. . Question 6 . 2 out of 2 points Correct Expressions that are not necessarily l ogical by grammatical, but which bedevil evolvedto convey a meaning nevertheless are known as reception Selected coiffe c Idiom . Question 7 . 2 out of 2 points Correct When a writer communicates by using overly adept language peculiar to another field he or she is usingCorrect Answer a. jargon. Question 8 . 0 out of 2 points Incorrect The textbook explains that everything written within a business or technical format has the designing of achieving a(n) _______________ response. Answer Correct Answer c. targeted. . Question 9 . 2 out of 2 points Correct Your textbook says it might be best to describe the kind of writing it discusses as Answer Correct Answer d. transactional. . Question 10 . 2 out of 2 points Correct When a writer inappropriately uses the technical language of one field in another field it is an example of Answer Correct Answer b. isapplied language. . Question 11 . 2 out of 2 points Correct The governing principles in organizing transactional writing are the u se and recognition of Answer. Correct Answer d. patterns. . Question 12 . 2 out of 2 points Correct Your textbook explains that transactional writing typically begins with a Answer Selected Answer c. . statement of claim. . Question 13 . 2 out of 2 points Correct Transactional writing ordinarily closes with a statement that establishes or encourages a(n) Answer Selected Answer b. obligation. . Question 14 . 0 out of 2 pointsIncorrect The logical order in transactional writing is verbalise to involve a pattern similar to what you learned in your English composition classes, the ________________________________ approach. Answer Correct Answer d. thesis-development-conclusion. . Question 15 . 0 out of 2 points Incorrect Governing the general logical pattern approach, as stated in the textbook, are Answer Correct Answer d. message-support-closure. . Question 16 . 2 out of 2 points Correct Putting the thesis at the beginning of your document, declaring the point in the introduction, i s the first step in the _____________________ approach.Correct Answer a. deductive. . Question 17 . 2 out of 2 points Correct Beginning with a question, following with data that must be understood and concluding with an answer thesis constitutes the _______________________ approach. Answer Selected Answer d. inductive. Correct Answer d. inductive. . Question 18 . 2 out of 2 points Correct The texbook tells you that just as process derives from narrative, analysis derives from Answer Selected Answer b. description. Correct Answer b. description. . Question 19 . 2 out of 2 pointsCorrect Your textbook tells you that there are several templates that are best desirable for ordering certain logical patterns of information. The template that assists in condensing a description of something, frequently utilizing narration, is Answer Selected Answer a. summary. Correct Answer a. summary. . Question 20 . 2 out of 2 points Correct The template that is used to divide something into its busin ess offices to discuss them perhaps to evaluate them is Answer Selected Answer d. analysis. Correct Answer d. analysis. . Question 21 . 2 out of 2 points Correct The typical fax fall into place sheet derives its format from the AnswerSelected Answer c. memo format. Correct Answer c. memo format. . Question 22 . 2 out of 2 points Correct The business earn form your text explains can impart directness moreover seem intimate is the Answer Selected Answer b. semi-block form. Correct Answer b. semi-block form. . Question 23 . 2 out of 2 points Correct The accepted ways in which in-house communications are organized, written, formatted and sent is referred to as Answer Selected Answer b. protocol. Correct Answer b. protocol. . Question 24 . 2 out of 2 points Correct The intelligence operation memorandum actually means Answer Selected Answer c. omething to be remembered. Correct Answer c. something to be remembered. . Question 25 . 2 out of 2 points Correct In a memo to a co-worker, t he style and tone of the communication should be Answer Selected Answer c. casual, friendly, cooperative. Correct Answer c. casual, friendly, cooperative. . Question 26 . 2 out of 2 points Correct The tone of a memo to a subordinate should be Answer Selected Answer a. formal, official, straightforward. Correct Answer a. formal, official, straightforward. . Question 27 . 2 out of 2 points Correct The tone of a memo from a supervisor or a manager should be AnswerSelected Answer d. formal, conversational, respectful, diplomatic. Correct Answer d. formal, conversational, respectful, diplomatic. . Question 28 . 2 out of 2 points Correct The module notes tell you there are three parts to the strategies for organizing your memo. They are Answer Selected Answer b. introduction-discussion-conclusion. Correct Answer b. introduction-discussion-conclusion. . Question 29 . 0 out of 2 points Incorrect Memo-ike forms to be filled ut and enclosed with business documents are frequently called Answer Selected Answer a. mail forms. Correct Answer c. transmmittals. . Question 30 . out of 2 points Correct Your textbook explains that communications sent via the net income are assumed to be Answer Selected Answer d. public. Correct Answer d. public. . Question 31 . 2 out of 2 points Correct For your carry on, the names, addresses and phonenumbers of those who can guarantee for your character and work quality should be maintained in a current lost of Answer Selected Answer d. references. Correct Answer d. references. . Question 32 . 0 out of 2 points Incorrect Your text tells you that resumes intended to overcome problems and employment gaps are ______________________ resumes. Answer Selected Answer c. nalytical. Correct Answer b. functional. . Question 33 . 2 out of 2 points Correct Resumes that display and emphasize both chronology and evployment as well as key abilities are _________________ resumes. Answer Selected Answer d. mixed. Correct Answer d. mixed. . Question 34 . 2 out of 2 points Correct Resumes that use narrative as the basis for organization are _______________ resume. Answer Selected Answer a. chronological. Correct Answer a. chronological. . Question 35 . 0 out of 2 points Incorrect The resume is sometimes called a(n) Answer Selected Answer c. portfolio. Correct Answer d. data sheet. Question 36 . 0 out of 2 points Incorrect The resume should be regarded as a(n) Answer Selected Answer c. work-history file. Correct Answer b. persuasive advertisement. . Question 37 . 2 out of 2 points Correct In the real world, your resume should be prepared well before you Answer Selected Answer c. mean to graduate. Correct Answer c. plan to graduate. . Question 38 . 0 out of 2 points Incorrect Always _____________ your resume, tailoring it to each job you are seeking. Answer Selected Answer d. re-copy. Correct Answer a. customize. . Question 39 . 2 out of 2 points Correct The word dossier means AnswerSelected Answer c. bundle of documents. Correct Answer c. bundle of documents. . Question 40 . 0 out of 2 points Incorrect The word dossier Answer Selected Answer b. Spanish. Correct Answer a. French. . Question 41 . 0 out of 2 points Incorrect An extended document that acts as a combination of resume, narrative of work history, categorization of strengths is a(n) Answer Selected Answer a. multipage resume. Correct Answer c. curriculum vitae. . Question 42 . 0 out of 2 points Incorrect Fieldsa relying on artistic and speaking ability may require creation of a ___________________ to accompany the resume.Answer Selected Answer c. curriculum vitae. Correct Answer a. portfolio. . Question 43 . 2 out of 2 points Correct It is customary to close a resume with Answer Selected Answer c. references. Correct Answer c. references. . Question 44 . 2 out of 2 points Correct It is always best to address your subdue letter to a(n) Answer Selected Answer d. individual. Correct Answer d. individual. . Question 45 . 2 out of 2 points Correct The cover let ter of application should be feeling of as a(n) _________________ that reinforces your resume. Answer Selected Answer c. ales letter. Correct Answer c. sales letter. . Question 46 . 2 out of 2 points Correct Which of the following resume details should be excluded from your cover letter? Answer Selected Answer b. personal data Correct Answer b. personal data . Question 47 . 0 out of 2 points Incorrect How many main parts of a letter are discussed in the Course Module 2 notes? Answer Selected Answer d. quaternity Correct Answer b. three . Question 48 . 0 out of 2 points Incorrect The tone of your cover letter should be Answer Selected Answer b. brief and courteous. Correct Answer d. rofessional and positive. . Question 49 . 0 out of 2 points Incorrect How many questions should be answered by the first paragraph pf your cover letter? Answer Selected Answer a. one Correct Answer c. three . Question 50 . 0 out of 5 points Incorrect BONUS The sentences of your cover letter should be v aried and Answer Selected Answer a. properly structured. Correct Answer d. reader-centered. . Question 51 . 2 out of 2 points Correct The part of a cover letter that invites further communication is the Answer Selected Answer c. closing. Correct Answer c. closing.

Death of a Salesman and A Raisin in the Sun

May I never wake up from the American dream. Carrie Latet describes the virtu each(prenominal)y sought after dream the dream of a house surrounded by a white picket fence, the dream people work their sinless lives for, the dream people fight wars for the American dream. However, Americas rise to industrialism in the 19th and 20th centuries replaced this dream with the desire to get rich fast. This cargonen led people to believe that it is possible, common even, to obtain wealth rapidly yet this is non the case.Sometimes, when an individual is unable to acquire such extreme wealth, he create a sense of false human beings for himself, his common sense is blurred, and he sees opportunities where there argon none. Characters Walter Lee young and Willy Loman are prime examples of this, both(prenominal) pinning their hopes on unattainable dreams to hide the feelings of failure. The theme of magic versus reality is present in both Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun and Arthur millers Death of a Salesman through and through the portrayal of main characters Walter and Willy in their scrambles for happiness and prosperity.Although the two characters have similar dreams, Walter, a dynamic character, breaks through the magic while Willy, a static character, remains trapped in his illusion. Willy Loman has a very specific dream, a contorted version of the American dream. Willy dreams of being successful and providing for his family, but also to be popular and well liked a spin off the classic American dream, which is generally just to have a happy life. Driven by his need for success and popularity, Willy ignores his calling for nature and throws all his heart into becoming a salesman.Willy is enthralled by the tier of Dave Singleman, his passion and idol. I realized that selling was the greatest career a man could unavoidableness. Cause what could be more satisfying than to be able to go, at the age of eighty-four, into twenty or thirty different cit ies, and pick up a phone, and be remembered and honord and helped by so many different people (Miller 81). This story is the sole reason for Willys desire to be a successful salesman, but what he does not realize is that Singlemans case is one in a million.Although he doggedly pursues a career in selling, Willy also recognizes his need and desire for nature in his retirement plans. As he tells Linda, in the lead its all over were gonna get a little place come forward in the country, and Ill raise some(prenominal) vegetables, a duplicate of chickens . . . (72). However, his failure to acknowledge nature as his true passion fuels his failure in the business world as well. Denis Diderot concludes, Only passions, great passions, can upraise the soul to great things. Tempted by success and funds, Willy veers from his passion for the bydoors towards business, for which he has little passion.The theme of nature is prevalent from the plays beginning as, A melody is heard, played u pon a flute. It is small and fine, telling of grass and trees and the horizon. (11). This specific tune is often associated with Willys character, distancing him from the environment, but emphasizing the connection Willy has to it. Many would argue, Willy has tick himself up for failure by choosing the business career. In order to escape the feeling of dejection, Willy reverts to his falsely joyful past and creates multiple illusions for himself, seeing the world through a glass clouded with desire and failure.One of Willys greatest regrets is refusing to accompany Ben to Alaska. If Id gone with him to Alaska that time, everything wouldve been totally different (45). Bens success in Alaska not only presents Willy with the possibility of money, but it would also satisfy his connection with nature. Bens voice in the play continually represents Willys resentment of his decision to stay, and his longing for a second take chances to take the opportunity. Next, Willy fondly retreats to his past, a past glossed over in gold. Willy imagines a happy and at rest history with his family, including his father, whom he never actually knew. Ben Please tell a splurge Dad. I want my boys to hear. I want them to know the kind of stock they funk from. (48). This is ironic, because Willy doesnt remember his father aside from his beard and his flute, so he would not know if his father would be someone to admire. Even though Willy does not have a job, he wants so badly to continue being a salesman that he still drives out to Boston and other cities, deluding his faithful wife, Linda Loman, and in part, himself, to think that he is going on important selling missions.Willy lies so convincingly that, when Ben proposes the idea of going to Alaska, a shocked Linda exclaims, Youre well liked, and the boys love you, and someday why, old man Wagner told him just the other day that if he supportings it up hell be a member of the firm . . . (85). Linda is clearly absent- bewareed to the fact that Willy is crestfallen and miserable. Willy even tries to prove to himself that he is happy, but the only true reason he remains a salesman is to gain the money he believes accompanies the job. Throughout Willys struggle, Charley, a FOIL to Willy, is constantly at Willys side helping him.Charley is Willys crutch, his reality check, and basically his only friend. While Willy fights to keep his family afloat, Charley has a steady job while Willy manages his childrens lives, Charley leaves his only son, Bernard, to find his own path while Willy loses his grip on reality, Charley has a firm ambit and a level head. Charley is the true example of the hard working, happy man achieving the American dream. Willys failure to recognize his own despondent state is chiefly what causes his tragic downfall. As the play nears the end, Willy is faced with a decision.He knows that he leave alone not be able to work much longer, and that at some point, he will have to rely on his son s. Willy also realizes that he has nothing to pass down to his sons. The solution he comes up with is suicide. Willy determines that this proposition is lawful because it benefits his w mess family. While talking with Ben, Willy justifies his decision by saying, Lindas suffered. . . Remember, its a guaranteed twenty-thousand-dollar proposition (125-126). When Biff confronts him, Willy comes to an astonishing realization Biff he likes me (133). This only except deepens Willys desire to commit suicide, which would allow his family to collect the insurance money. However, the real reason for Willys tragic end is his static personality. His refusal to see the world as it is and his refusal to change means that he is veiled by his distorted vision of life forever. Willy is never able to break through his illusion, truly believing that he is more valuable dead than alive. Finally, the decision is made and Willy commits suicide. The car speeds off . . . moving away at full speed. . . Th e music crashes down in a frenzy of sound, which becomes the soft pulsation of a single cello string (136). The rest of the Loman family is left alone, without the insurance money. As Charley sums up at the funeral, He had the wrong dreams. All, all, wrong (138). Willy died because he didnt know how to forge his own path. Although he had the chance to turn back, he remained a salesman because he was in it for the money. Had he changed his mind and followed his heart, he would certainly have had an entirely different end.But that was his predicament Willy Loman did not have the ability to change, something that Walter Lee Younger does have. Walter Lee Younger has dreams that are very similar to Willys to provide for his family and to be successful. Unlike Willy Loman, though, Walters dreams of happiness for his family in step-up to success. As an African American man, Walter constantly struggles against racial boundaries. The pressure to support his struggling family, including his sister and mother is a constant weight on his back. Walter informs florists chrysanthemum, I want so many things that they are movement me crazy . . Sometimes its like I can see the future stretched out in front of me . . . Just waiting for me a big, looming vacuous space full of nothing (73). Like any father or husband, Walter desperately wants a comfortable and content life. The tension between Walter and his wife, Ruth, partially stems from Walters inability to deal with his low income, low class job. I open and close doors all day long. I drive a man some in a limousine and I say Yes, sir no, sir very good, sir . . . that aint no kind of job . . . that aint nothing at all (73).Not only is Walter dissatisfied with his job as a limousine driver, but he is embarrassed by it. Walter is desperate, but as a black man, his options for a new occupation are limited to those of a similar caliber to his current job. However, Walter finds an opportunity that could turn his life aroun d. I been out talking with people who understand me. People who care about what I got on my mind. (87), . . . we got it figured out, me and Willy and Bobo (33). Inspired by this new hope, Walter envisions a future of prosperity and happiness. This is mostly fueled by Walters idol Charlie Atkins.Similar to Willys infatuation with Dave Singleman, Walter believes that Atkins, who owns a dry cleaning business which grosses $100,000 per year, is success incarnate. Atkins is Walters inhalant for his own dream of buying liquor store with Bobo and Willy Harris, which could be made possible by the insurance money from his fathers death. In addition to his dreams for himself, Walter also has dreams for his son. Like most fathers, he wants a better life for his son, Just tell me where you want to go to school and youll go. Just tell me, what it is you want to be and youll be it . . . Whatever you want to be YessirYou just name it, son . . . and I hand you the world (109). Although Walter has all the same dreams as a white man of his age, they are harder to obtain due to racial boundaries, and Walter must find a way to overcome these limitations. With so many things unperfected in his life, Walter sees money as a solution to his problems. For the Youngers, the symbol of money represents a new house, new clothing and shoes for everyone, especially forWalters son, Travis, more food for their table, educational activity for Travis and Walters sister, Beneatha, as well as the down payment on Walters liquor store.When Mama questions Walter How come you talk so much bout money (74), Walter responds, it is life, Mama . . . it was always about money, Mama. We just didnt know about it (74). It is ironic that Walter comments that money is life, because the most significant money in the Younger family comes from Big Walters $10,000 life insurance check. As Asagai explains to Beneatha, Isnt there something wrong in a house in a world where all dreams, good or bad, must depend on the death of a man? (135). The illusion Walter holds that money is life contrasts with the reality that the money comes from death.Later, Walter becomes very prevent as he realizes how unfair the world is, Somebody tell me tell me, who decides which woman is suppose to wear pearls in this world. I tell you I am a man and I think my wife should wear some pearls in this world (143). Because of all this pent-up regret and disappointment, Walter reverts to Willy Harris and Bobos plan for a source of comfort and hope. His desperation clouds his common sense, and when Mama entrusts him with the remaining insurance money, Walter invests all of it in the liquor store, even that intended for Beneathas education.Despite his forgetful decision, Walter has a newfound exuberance (112). He truly believes that this new deal will turn his family around in a new direction, I got move You got wings All Gods children got wings (125). However, things take a spin when Bobo arrives with the de spairing news that Willy Harris, revealed as a con man, has disappeared with the money. Walters distrust is clear as he realizes that all of the hope he has built up over the liquor store has disappeared like a flash of lightening. instantly that all of the insurance money is gone on Walters watch, he is even more responsible for his familys desperate state. Luckily, he is presented with a chance to redeem himself. Before the disheartening news that Willy Harris stole the Youngers insurance money arrives, Walter is extremely confident. He is even willing to cooperate with Mamas plan to move into their new house in Clybourne Park, a plan Walter had previously opposed. When Karl Lindner arrives to persuade the Youngers not to move into their new house, Walter confronts him. We told him to get out . . . Oh, we was some proud folks this afternoon . . (142). However, after the terrible news of the lost insurance money is disclosed, Walter is not so sure-footed. He realizes the difficul t fiscal situation, not to mention the peril that this move will put them in. Ruth, who desperately wants to move, reads her husbands hesitation and questions him, You talking bout taking them peoples money to keep us from moving in that house? (142) and Walter replies, Im telling you thats whats going to happen (142). Despite his square opinion about not moving, Walter experiences a change of heart when Lindner returns.He realizes how much the chance to live is really worth as he sees the effectiveness for Travis, Beneatha, and even for himself and Ruth, and how much the new house will help each of them to grow and flourish. Counter to Willy Loman, Walter learns to value life, learning that money does not necessarily knock over you a blissful, carefree life. Walter asserts to Lindner, We have all thought about your offer . . . and we have decided to move into our house because my father my father he get it for us brick by brick. . . . Travis . . . my son . . . he makes the sixth generation of our family in this country . . And thats my sister over there and shes going to be a doctor and we are very proud . . . we are very proud people (148). Walters dynamic character allows him to emerge from his black hole of despair, a trait that Willy Loman lacked, therefore triggering his own tragic downfall. Now that he is able to accept his mistake of losing all of the insurance money and has shattered the illusion that it is possible for everyone to be as successful and rich as Charlie Atkins, and that excessive wealth does not equate to happiness, Walter can fully appreciate his life, especially his engaging family.From a first look, the Younger and Loman families could not be more different. Through careful analysis, though, one finds that they are astoundingly similar. Both working class families, they consistently struggle to maintain their current standards of living, a struggle made much more difficult by the expectant illusions Walter Lee and Willy cli ng to. The theme of illusion versus reality is vital in both A Raisin in the Sun and Death of a Salesman, demonstrating the harsh reality that a persons life will never be perfect, and that some people will use heir imagination to fill in the gaps. The sad truth is that some people, like Willy Loman, are never able to break through the illusion. Bent on success and popularity, Willy renders himself victim to his mind forever, ending in death for him, and tragedy for his family. Others, such as Walter Lee Younger, possess the inner strength necessary to break free from this perfect, imaginary world to see that all they want, all they need, and all they seek, is right forward them.

Broken Promises

down(p) Promises, Reparations on that point is a renewed willingness on the part of both politicss and corporations to provide remuneration for disadvantages in other contexts. Often it has taken the form of cash payments or other benefits to victims of Nazi and Japanese atrocities during World War II. Some have desire to return land to native peoples, while others have simply offered apologies. Apologies have been offered for a wide range of past injustices done to Jews, Korean women, Native Americans, and southeasterly African blacks. The U. S. judicature apologized for its role in overthrowing the native government in Hawaii and the elected government in Guatemala. (Arthur, 2007) In appearing to act in the interest of former break ones backs government raised reparations as a subject and passed laws directing compensatory payment after the Civil War. Former slaves needed footing to manoeuver on an economic and social level in this nation. Laws stipulating compensation b e disbursed in the form of livestock, monies, lands etc. were passed. In 1865, the original reparations package, the so-called 40 estate of the realm and a Mule, was issued.Each black family was supposed to receive 40 acres and later was offered the loan of Army mules. The same year, Congress established the Freedmens Bureau, which was created to oversee the transition of slaves to freedom. The ending of the Freedmens Bureau was to distribute 850,000 abandoned and confiscated acres of land to former slaves. But the distribution n constantly happened. Former Confederates were allowed to reclaim the property. http//www. alternet. org/story/11000 Broken Promises, Reparations 3 At its root reparations was an idea government pretended to embrace.This appears to be evident in taking the axiom Actions speak louder than words into account. The legal mandates for reparations that were voluntarily passed by government were not empowered to transform the law from writing to realities the fo rmer slaves would experience. 136 years having passed without a blade of grass, a single dollar, mule or apology does not reckon favorably in African Americans minds, especially when government is noted to have apologized to other ethnic groups and disbursed funds and resources as a part of those apologies.Under the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, signed into law by President Ronald Reagan, the U. S. government apologized for Japanese American internment during World War II and provided reparations of $20,000 to each survivor, to compensate for loss of property and liberty during that period. For many years, Native American tribes have received compensation for lands ceded to the United States by them in conglomerate treaties. Other countries have also opted to pay reparations for past grievances, (see Holocaust reparations),(http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery).Anti-reparation activists decry the idea that African Americans living today should receive compensation f or experiences they did not endure. descendants of slave owners who had nothing to do with slavery should be exempt from any responsibility for debts incurred by their ancestors is another anti-reparation argument. While there may be deservingness to the idea that public policy should not function like a curse a legal basis for the call for Broken Promises, Reparations 4 reparations were passed.The ill fortune to perform to meet the purpose of the law for 136 years does not nullify the nations duty to meet the duties it has already legislated. is was objectively The problem is there were laws passed that would have settled the call for reparations a century later if theyd been go ford. The idea of a mass of property and money going to African Americans is exacerbated by the fact that African Americans werent the only ethnic group thats been discriminated against in America.Blacks were the only group enslaved under the authorities of legislation. When bringing the holocaust associ ated with slave trading to mind African Americans justification for compensation are all the more strengthened by the weight of conscience. The number of slaves lost in transporting, slightly to mass killings draws spiritual and legal issues into the debate. The killings of slaves to appease economic concerns of slave traders is an embarrassment to arguments seeking to deny reparations. Heading for Jamaica in 1781, the ship Zong was nearing the end of its voyage.It had been twelve weeks since it had sailed from the double-u African coast with its cargo of 417 slaves. Water was running out. Then, compounding the problem, there was an outbreak of disease. The ships captain, reasoning that the slaves were going to die anyway, made a decision. In company to reduce the owners losses he would throw overboard the slaves thought to be alike gag to recover. The voyage was insured, but the insurance would not pay for sick slaves or even those killed by illness. However, it would cover sl aves lost Broken Promises, Reparations 5 through drowning.The captain gave the order 54 Africans were chained together, then thrown overboard. some other 78 were drowned over the next two days. By the time the ship had reached the Caribbean,132 persons had been murdered. (http//www. alternet. org/story/11000/) The abolition of slavery, laws authorizing reparations that were not enforced, mass murders of large numbers of slaves and the governments perpetuating injustice against Blacks through legalized segregation and discrimination expand the scope of what was originally purposed to address those who were directly affected by slavery.The governments failing to enforce reparation laws it instituted over 100 years ago gives African Americans pa wont to reason the nation must be forced to meet its obligation. The lack of a single conciliatory act, including a lack of an apology has direct bearing on African Americans being reconciled to America. The arguments for and against reparatio ns may attain some as having equal weight along moral, ethical and legal lines. As time has passed benign neglect of what reparation laws has given place to arguments anti-reparation activists use in their efforts to frustrate the campaign.The claim that the current generation of African Americans should not be compensated for what they did not suffer was made possible by the governments purposefully ignoring its own legislation for over a century. This is an enhancement of moral grounds to campaign for reparations today. Having made accommodations for Japanese internees, funding billions to ameliorate injustice for others Broken Promises, Reparations 6 in foreign lands, etc. magnifies the call for government to fulfill obligations imposed by laws stipulating reparations.Randall Robinson has joined the fray with his book, The Debt What America Owes to Blacks (Dutton, 200) Robinson writes No race, no ethnic or religious group, has suffered so much over so long a span as blacks have, and do soothe, at the hands of those who benefitted, with the connivance of the United States government, from slavery and the century of legalized American racial hostility that followed it. It is a miracle that the victims weary dark souls long shorn of a venerable and ancient identicalness have survived at all, stymied as they are by this blocked road to economic equality. http//www. alternet. org/story/11000/.The blocked road for African American reparation is the ever growing cacophony of reasons why there is no plausible means to reason from whence the compensation should be drawn. There is a web of issues too complex to hope to resolve in this argument. One additional problem is that the governments in power in the 1600s and 1700s in Europe are not still in power now. .. It would be difficult, if not impossible, to hold the current French government liable for the enslavement of Africans that prior governments encouraged and benefited from between the 1600s up to the lanthanum Purchase in 1803. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery.The point counterpoint of the argument is gnarly and complex complicating the call for reparations. One additional problem is that the governments in power in the 1600s and 1700s in Europe are not still in power now. .. It would be difficult, if not impossible, to hold the current French government liable for the enslavement of Africans that previous governments encouraged and benefited from between the 1600s up to the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery.The point counterpoint of the argument is gnarly and complex complicating the call for reparations. Broken Promises, Reparations 1 Broken Promises, Reparations For African Americans Customers name Course name Professors Name Date Broken Promises, Reparations 7REFERENCEShttp//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reparations_for_slaveryhttp//www. alternet. org/story/11000/ Arthur John (2007) Race, Equality, and the Bur dens of History, State University of recent York, Binghamton

Analyzing Disorders

eat, kernel abuse, agitate, gender, sexual, and personality disorders are among the group of disorders that affect many in corporation. Unfortunately, it is harder to diagnose both(prenominal) disorders, however with symptoms macrocosm early detected it is easier to diagnose these disorders. Disorders initiate from an origin. Biological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioural components exist these factors develop according to daily alimentation and exposure to various environments.Explanation through analyzing the components and statistics gives a better understanding and reasoning behind unwanted behaviors and the numbers racket of populate who these disorders affects will be explained further in this paper. When it comes to eating disorders and the biological components involved in this would be obviously genetic and hormonal but Hansell and Damour also said that neurotransmitter abnormalities, and brain abnormalities association with the disorders satisfy a role in the bi ological aspects on eating disorders.Also substance abuse, the biological components studied through enquiry focuses on the role genetics plays in substance abuse (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Sexual dysfunctions viewed from the biological aspect gouge occur from medical illnesses. The medication prescribed for various medical illness such as diabetes and midriff disease, contributes as a biological component (Hansell & Damour, 2008),unlike, the biological components of Gender Identity disorder (GID), but participation debates and wonders if a person is born homosexual. Gender Identity disorders involve an intense discomfort with his biological sex and prefer to be female instead of male.Much emphasis has been placed on temperament, which is an inborn behavioral end (Hansell & Damour, 2008). If a person believes that a person is free to believe in their feature sexual druthers is one he or she desires it could be a number of the environment they were raised in. disorders links to antenatal drug use (Hansell & Damour, 2008). People such as Ted Bundy were prime examples of this type of situation. He never knew his father, his look at did not show him affection, and his bad experience with a second-grade teacher gave him the urge to want to kill at age seven (Meyer, Chapman, & Weaver, 009).Moreover, sexual disorders lease a variety of psychological factors. Although biological components make up a portion of disorders, still other factors remain in the equation. Biological and emotional make up have been researched and help with the understanding of abnormal behaviors like substance abuse, sex, sexual and personality disorders, and gender, and the fact that at that place is an emotional connection. For example eating disorders are likely, when combined with psychological vulnerability, and family emphasis about weight, and appearance (Hansell & Damour, 2008).Improving tumultuous emotions through self-improvement, self- acceptance, ego, and relationship s kills are significant components in relation to substance abuse, such as people with alcoholism in their family. ). Unfortunately, sexual disorders in some cases like perihelia occur from a sexual trauma and problematic emotions of humiliation, shame, and rage (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Many disorders involve anxiety, usually brought on by environmental and sociable factors, and some even traumatic experiences.The explanation of eating disorders on a cognitive-behavioral level focuses on experiences that have caused or reinforces eating disorder behaviors addressing the faulty and distorted thoughts that many with eating disorders commenceing eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia both results from a combination of dysfunctional thoughts and repeated experiences that have reinforced the behaviors of eating disorders (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Eating disorders have extra pressures to the victims not only because of the media and society, but sometimes this is caused by family. way abuse may result from exposure in the wrong environment and learning from others. Although substance abuse of drugs or alcohol in men is twice likely than for women (Hansell & Damour, 2008), but substance abuse just as other disorders have many components to factor in the equation. In addition stress and negative thinking patterns contributes to relapses for some (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Substance abuse can be described and understood by classical and operant conditioning and social learning model.The observation of others is also a key factor in the behaviors people may display, behavioral intervention helps to reverse nwanted behaviors and maladaptive patterns of deviant sexual arousal (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Different components of personality disorders come into play when it comes to personality disorders some of those components are cognitive and some are behavioral components, and these different components help in underlying assumptions of cognitive e distortions. A p erson suffering will convince himself that the world is wild he is helpless, vulnerable, unaccepted by others, and believing that his feelings are of no value.People who suffer from neurotic disorders found to have traits such as anxiety, hysteria, and obsessive compulsive disorder, studies of identical twins was greater than fraternal twins neurotic needs by definition are non-productive and those people live unhealthy lives (Feist, & Feist, 2009). Each disorder has its own similarities even if it is eating, substance abuse, sex, gender, sexual. These disorders have their own separation and classifications such as age, gender, and class helps to breakdown the groups that suffer from various disorders.Whether biological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral can help in assisting the professionals to understand patterns. The various approaches are an advantage and helps society realize the number of influences that affect eating habits, drug use, sexual, gender, and personality dis orders, but when addressing the needs and reducing the topic for women, men, and children is of the essence, most important addressing the forces behind the behaviors opens the door for components that form and support behaviors biological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral.