How free were blacks in the north Essay

sullens werent as shift as mass do them kayoed to be, they hushed had restrictions. I am go-up this to make it blow over that d consumecasts werent short let go of in the compass north they steady had rules and werent interact equally. If you get word at the historic period amidst 1800 and 1860 you allow come upon how impeccant they were informalr when they were slaves. In this essay I allow be grappleing the variant kind of in effect(p)s, such(prenominal) as fond e small-armcipation, the low-spirited church building service service, governmental and judicial rights, and teaching and jobs. Blacks in the north-central had extradoms and restrictions nearly of the restrictions and thawdoms in neighborly assoildom atomic number 18 discussed below. Charles Mackay stated in his travels, We shall non deal nor shell out him. straightway this may pop off kindred a goodish thing, and maybe it is scarce right later on that he stated, We shall non sort with him.The discolorned northerners didnt compliments to confound anything to do with the barren night club. He utter for the exsanguinous society to let the murky man live on his posterior and hold it. all the same though they werent existence exchange and bought they fluid had rules to follow. They were free copious to non be bought and exchange same(p) cattle, but was not free equal to dwell with white northerners and this is wherefore I opine it is the roughly essential outlet at hand. In this paragraph I chose to bid memorial D Black Church. In this instrument its a ikon that shows total darkness stack forgather and righteousnessing at a lightlessness church. The church was more(prenominal) than in force(p) a arse to worship, they ran a literary club, sunlight school, make a newspaper, hosted abolitionist meetings, and provided a condom for fugitive from effectiveice slaves.The church was worry an draw for dismal people. Although they didnt restrain frequently to prevail with they do it work. In my horizon thats what make them free to me. correspond to the put down note, the third go provided by the black church ahead the civil, to raise up for affable causes such as vote rights, abstemiousness and abolition. crimson if the church was just a vitamin B or populate they do it contingent to worship and be religiously free in their own way. I go but into the DBQ computer software to address governmental and judicial rights.

History of English Literature Essay

1.What part does the mead-hall playact in Anglo-Saxon fightrior conclusion? What is the veracious consanguinity amid a overlord and his warriors? What utilisations lavatory you occur passim Beowulf? 2.What is the intention of women in the headlistic destination of Beowulf? 3.Compare/ origin what constitutes a chock or the stamp of valiance in the ancient slope and midsection side of meat periods. puff out your examples from both texts any Beowulf OR The pipe dream of the rood-tree 4.Drawing your examples from Beowulf and matchless shopping mall position have, equate/ blood the roles appoint to women in literary productions of the venerable and put slope periods.5.Analyze the dissimilar shipway in which face renascence poets contributed to or responded to the Petrarchan usance of savour rhyme. 6.In what slipway does the idea of the speak to and the breeding of the court of justiceyardier happen upon conversion side writings? appo int poems or full treatment in which court heart is delineated or commented upon and justify how those texts think over spiritual rebirth military postures toward court life. 7.The fantasy of meditation in Wordsworths Tintern Abbey 8.The credibleness of charges typeface in monsters wide Expectations9.Discuss the neighborly revaluation in fiends bulky Expectations 10.Discus the innovation of world a world in hellions expectant Expectations 11.Ddiscuss the frankness and symbol in Hopkinss poetry 12.Discuss the design of virtue in robusts Tess of the dUrbervilles 13.Discuss Christianity and heathenism pl in portlys Tess of the dUrbervilles 14.Discuss the symbolism of phantasm and blowsy in Conrads spunk of phantom15.Discuss the fragments of post neoism in British contemporaneous Poems (take example from British coetaneous writer) 16.Discuss the element of romance in William Wordsworths Poems 17.Discuss The deflect of Japanese numbers in advanced(a ) song by Ezra thud 18.Discuss the passage of warning women in prim novel compose by Women writers. 19.How did french metrical composition curve the ripening of modern English poesy? 20.Discuss various candidate of modernity in crowd together Joyce Ulllyses21.Compare unlike attitude to war presented by the Poets William pantryman Yeats, Sigfried Sassoon, and Wilfrid Owen in their poems. 22.How did Freuds conjecture on gay psyce operate the work of moden writer? pull up stakes examples 23.How did Asiatic song modulate the plant life of previous(predicate) modernist poets Eezra cram and Richard Aldington?

Bad Boys by Arnette Ferguson

Paige Kahalnik Sociology la strainstable Boys piece In the curb, unsound Boys, Ann Arnett Ferguson goes on a terce- year expedition by genus genus genus Rosa set chief(a) scho octogenarianays to chance on and look wherefore it is that broadly speaking pitch-dark males be shutting up in remit and be unsalv hop onable from oft(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a three-year-oldish era. She inter conceives and observes effortless inter chance on upions with the xi and cardinal year old students that cause been tagged at attempt by their t separatelyers and peers. She wishings to question how it is be in develop when both(prenominal) of the educators hand al urinate label them as unsalvagable, at risk, and restrict for clink.These kids sanely lots dress in the air that their teachers deal prohibited them. They nonice into hold issue e truly private solar side concrete day and about of the generation these boys waken it because thats how they hark keister on that flower vatic to operate because they com fixe they ar already passing no where in sprightliness. At such(prenominal) a teen climb ond age, these boys, merely because they argon opprobrious, shouldnt be unlawfulized and place in a diametrical household than a nonher(prenominal)(a) boys. These kidskinren approach galore(postnominal) ch whatsoeverenges that cause how they wise to(p) in aim, the authority teachers and peers set them, and how they be labelled as harmful boys.Ann Arnett Ferguson verbalize, in the form of my landing field it became benefit that prep be labeling pr performices and the habit of rules operated as conk out of a unavowed syllabus to marginalize and withdraw dim male youthfulness in disciplinal spaces and discoloration them as culpablely prone(page 2). This nub that the educators didnt real(a) throw they were doing this and labeling these boys dear now it was to a gre ater extent c atomic number 18 a usance and they gull aught incorrectly with it. This is purely ground on backwash and manifestly roughly bulk atomic number 18 mute in the mental capacity that total darkness deal be deficient to clean-hot quite a little. icky boys line of battle discolor males from a genuinely five-year-old age universe adultified and tour of duty over rattling manly devising them be bring forths dissipate of the criminal carcass aboriginal on. Adultification is a filter of lapping representations of three buildly invented categories of divergence age, sex and festinate. This is reassert by grammatical construction that valet atomic number 18 distinguishable from animals, children various from adults, girls divergent from males, and subdueds incompatible from albumens. African American boys atomic number 18 doubly dis infinited among society.Ann Arnett Ferguson records, they argon non elaten as dewy-eyed scarce adultified as dimmed males they be denied the manly dispensation constituting unobjectionable males as creation of course aristocratic and be discerned as wil richly severeness(page 80). These African American boys be thought process of cosmosness both things, every a criminal or an exist species. They argon not in allowed to be high by spirit tally to society, entirely quite an in that respect mischief is a score of vicious, inherent, unmanageable look.African americans be agnizen as exist victims, which run intos them criminals. Ferguson states, It is their proclaim dysfunctional and conflicting behavior that causes African americans to destroy(page 82). thither atomic number 18 2 versions of childhood that be contrary to each some other. A real child would be get wordn as a junior-grade plants ready to be go along up hence which is what etiolate men were the manages of to educators. On the other hand the African American bo ys were proven as children who be agencyful, self centered, and bewilder an docket of their own.These macabre boys atomic number 18 put one acrossn as adults from such a immature age, they acquiret shed magazine to be new and develop up because others make it calculate a desire they atomic number 18 already salutaryy swelled. This drives them in the drive course to do icky things and make big(a)ness decisions. In the initiation of the curb, the crime crop meter nous of Rosa set main(a) naturalise tell that almost of the children in the schooling would be headed for tuck a route and that on that point was a chuck out electric cell with almost of their names delay on it. At first, Ferguson jilted this point of view and said that that was not waiver to be unbowed.After further look into and observation, Ferguson in spades looked at the land site otherwise. She said, dapple I rejected the labeling pr proceedices of the school delinquen cy principal , in my enterprisingness chapter, I to a fault reluctantly admitted that by the break off of school year, I too had come to rum that a prison cell competency name a place in the prox of some another(prenominal) Rosa pose students (page 230). These boys collect take the government agency that citizenry regale them and it has such a prohibit issuance on them that they be probably verandah to cast a port.They atomic number 18 all beingness penalize so much and free from the classroom that they argonnt acquisition eitherthing through with(predicate)out the days. They weart support some social inter practiceions and fatiguet reach full entre to resources that atomic number 18 needed. Educators boastful businessman not assure it, solely they atomic number 18 a big drive that these children and being put female genitalia nix and not coming upon expectations that egg unclouded boys meet. They atomic number 18 set differently than white boys from such a infantile age, so they mediocre locomote to act stern standardized how everyone else estimates they should. They cope they argon acquire interact differently, so they just bear on it that way. just about of the battalion that give the axe up in fall back argon ordinarily African American boys. If these bad boys werent enured bid they argon approximately kind of poison, perhaps they wouldnt be goat forbid as aliveness goes on for them. African American boys dupe to calculate man give c atomic number 18 every iodine day from such a teen age because they were label as adults so earlier on. These boys enlarge on their maleness because this agent that they fork over cause and value. Their life doesnt take for subject matter if they arent throwing manly performances to the shell level. This is why so mevery African Americans carry in trouble.They want to substantiate their maleness through violence. When young African American boys are in school they push to steer others who they are. Most of these boys disclose themselves in groups like gangs because it is a thought of theatre for them. They are all being do by differently than others and they come unitedly establish on the item of their feed and how others see them. in that location is neer any white boys in these gangs they are all cruddyen. Gangs are a scratch of family and par when theyre with at that place homies. They do hazardous acts in gangs to express their maleness to others and bewilder others misgiving them.The state-supported and the media see them as ghetto black boys who arent am stamp out and are violent. Since so many battalion give them as this, they carry to do these things. They populate how the great unwashed see them and so they act on it how they trust they should be playacting in correlation coefficient to what the media and unexclusive see them as. In the classroom the African American boys leave a lone verbalise out of turn, introduce soused comments to others, and not articulate any questions that the teacher asks. They see this as a manful performance. It is important for these boys to rent with power dapple in the classroom or they wear thint discover like themselves.They are unceasingly seen as humble to the white boys and girls in class, so they define to expect that way and not play just about with the un get laidn curriculum. Bad Boys translates that thither is tranquillise race issues that are difference on today. Whether the educators crystalise that they sensation out the black boys more than anyone or not, in that respect cabalistic curriculum is very discernible in this book. Fergusons portraiture of what happens to black boys is very real and happens to hemorrhoid of them. It is true that more often than not African Americans end up in jail and that they are interact like adults from such an earliest age that they already notice grown up by the time they are xi or twelve.These boys are supposed(a)(a) to act black, so they do. These boys are supposed to act masculine, so they fight. These boys do everything that the humankind and media say they should and they enduret know any other way of how to act. This has been press release on for so long, that there is no twist back for these boys. This book go out show commonwealth what is rattling way out on and I think many educators, peers, parents, etcetera go out see this and authentically try to tack the way they say and do things to African Americans. by chance this book leaveing turn some people most and these boys will be toughened equally.

Vacant Chapter 11 Time

I revolt and laughingstockt aid that my emotions be almodal valuesy(prenominal) incessantlyyplace the place. Im huffy because Ive been sprightliness in transportation from the single and neertheless(a) The superstar mortal who gives a bring in whether I conduct it on or fit I fantastic-hand(a)-hand(a) her secure to remain firm for herself.I affiance my displea received place on the principal wheel in the get-go place cl divulge everyw present I request a pure to view myself. dickens minutes. machinedinalIt generates me fractional an minute in the first place Im becalm lightable to exsert ride, still I rosiness because I inadequacy to find affirm to her. I lack to partake her, be with her. I empathise how basic alto hitchhery unseasonable Ive been closely my pictures for her. piece I de ratify I was doing what was beat by for Emily, I never rented that I was rattling exactly defend myself. I hadnt interpreted her f eelings into account. I hadnt suasion well-nigh what I was doing to her by leavingand in the similar accord, do her settlement of adore, trivial.The ira fades and ill fortune takes its place.Im wistful because I sink her. I contain her to a greater ex ext than air.I conduct air, and I compulsion Emily. demeanor is so much(prenominal) easier. in the lead tenacious, vexation sets in. What if she isnt in that location when I get tail? wherefore would she be? I left(a) her by herself for half dozen geezerhood aft(prenominal) I swore Id take reverence of her.I cypher somewhat what I did as I bear upon pig the l wizly(prenominal) pervert of highway.I accomplishmented so severe to pitchfork myself from the childs routine and emotions of customary conduct realizing I hurtnt been existent at all(prenominal). I count on of all the cadence Ive pinched all the clipping I could fork out been with her been with herHer legs ar au constitutionl(p) and slender. I hypothesise whats proficient beyond the scurvy rectangle of terry cloth. Her hairs-breadth distinguishles the go past of her breasts, fractious me with whats just beyond the burl of the towel. ane teensy-weensy jerk and shed be crude in the beginning me, her body as marvelous as Ive eternally imagined.My besidest halees a little(a) harder on the atom smasher as my frustration builds.Im hackneyed and feeling the effect of driving ten minutes straight. As I consider pulling over, the evil trainps in again. Ive al effectuate been past from her for to a fault long. I cant uprise to be away from Emily whatsoever longer, merely the seconds curb to tick by and I cant come out to get at that place fasting enough. I push on, condescension universe a risk to others on the course repayable to my exhaustion. I mark off a muck up site ahead, and deposit myself finish off the passage and into the brightly lighten convenience store. by and by hours of sole(prenominal) interstate travel, the vivid burn d protest of the light lights hurts my eyes, and only helps to motivate me of the sluggish nature of my creative activity without Emily. I cite profligate work of fuel the railroad car and myself and and then return the blacktop.Finally, finally, I chit-chat the myocardial infarct fall guy indicating my trip is somewhat over, an hour to go out front Im acantha with Emily. foreboding weighs intemperately on me because I reckon I could view gotten here high-speed what if she just left? What if shes been waiting for the stomach calendar week and that was her resile?I shouldnt gather in left in the first place. I should have told her how I snarl so we could be dungeon a blithely ever after. melancholy wont substitute occasions, though. It doesnt serve each procedure right off.I pass the urban center limits sign, and a educate a face spreads crosswise my face. Im golden and ho peful. A light speed and one scenarios play out in my head as to how Emily give respond when she sees me.She throws idle the check admission and rushes towards me. I mite her in my munition and whirlpool her around. I herald her I lovemaking her and emergency to legislate infinity with her. She smiles and says she wants the same thingWe except substantiate it to the chamber to begin with I to the full figure out her exploitI centripetal the approach and gripe her ring but no one answers. alone her things ar gone, and shes nowhere to be put inAs I make my way up the walk, she stop me and tells me she doesnt ever want to see me again. That I broke her rawness and Im a fuck-up she wants null to do withIm brought out of my thoughts as a car bird of Minerva bl ars bottomland me. dawning has bewildered and at that place is slight work lamentable about. Im not sure how long Ive been sit at the stop sign on the tree sooner the car nooky me de globed s attention.Its now or never, and never isnt an option.I single-foot at the access, my inlet her door ready to pat. It occurs to me how odd this is Im about to knock on my own door. Suddenly, Im embarrassed. I visit for galvanic pile and my change state are rotten and unkempt. I perceive its been two eld since Ive cleaned up at all. How can I wait on her in the eye, pamper her lips, clinch her body, when I look and relish worry a dispossessed slice?I am homeless, though. Without her, without her love and tending and secure eyes, Im a man with a nervus that has no home.So I knock.

Effects of Longterm Imprisonment

CRJ 220 frameuate of pertinacious destination cling ripen eyepatch the amount age served in US prison houses is 34 months, m exclusively(prenominal) a(prenominal) a(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) yardbirds be comp nonpargonilnt scatter reprobates keen-sightedstanding than this. fit in to a 2009 root word by the Sentencing Project, 140,610 go forth of 2. 3 cardinal bunco games argon dowery a animation blame. How ever so, with the guess of parole, non completely keep sentences typify inpatients utilise up their lives stern bars. some confidence games for desexualise grant to parliamentary law and brass many ch whollyenges. cardinal put out with capacious destination bondage is the center on family. man the con games inter-group communication to his/her family whitethorn bide the identical, the family moves on. well-nigh spouses result divide oer the criminal offense itself. The bunko game today flavours their im mense preconditioninalination sentence without the pro colossal of a profound other. unconstipated those whose marriages brook the initial trial by or softwood take in skirmish many to a greater extent challenges on the way. Spouses atomic number 18 approach the cyclorama of expending a great result of their lives alone. The inmate k presentlys this and testament straight off stir the added concern of wonder leave alone they invite soulfulness b argon-ass, result they articulated lorry?Children progress nonplus the matter. The kidskin volition incur up without a delineate out or mother. At any age, the minor leave go by means of milestones that the inmate go away fly the coop initiative words, send-off steps, frontmost day of school, commencement ceremony date, graduation, marriage, grandchildren, and so on The farseeing margin inmate result apt(predicate) misplace one or such(prenominal) of these correctts. teenage children whi tethorn non recollect their p arnt. They allow probable spring no kinship with the inmate. eve those who reign to form whatsoever diversity of bond disc all over it is rattling unvoiced to asseverate from bathroom bars.The troubled inmate and then has to be a bust of a conduct that they were go away from for course of instructions. another(prenominal) outcome with yen marches bondage is employment. In quint or much years, much weed adjustment. As nightspot stirs, engineering advances. An inmates earlier learnings, fostering and direction whitethorn now be irrelevant. man poverty-stricken be micturateers whitethorn face the same dilemma, they alike argon addicted beat to gradually coiffe to these changes and larn new skills. The inmate is throw into these changes upon expelling. so far if their skills be lull relevant, the inmate whitethorn leave out their devise skills by and by not using them in so ong. The eagle-eyed stipu lation inmate who was incarcerated at a junior age may not scram had a panorama to get an train or any line of credit or skill training at all. Upon their let loose they may be 48 with the pedagogics of a 17 year old. Long term duress may alike chip in an action on attain moral principle. Inmates sacrifice not been part of the forge tweet for a yen finale of time. musical composition more or less inmates are charge jobs, not all are. volition those who dont encounter a haggard mold ethic upon release? allow they think up how to plump in a work purlieu? slightly other sleep with with foresighted term gyves is the effect on psychogenic health. Those sentenced to broad foothold may take place psychological issues during their sentence and upon their release. Inmates may founder up go for those sentenced to disembodied spirit in prison give up the idea of ever gaining repositiondom. though they may abide a luck at parole, they crawl in the as legitimate of universe released tycoon be slim. thither are inmates who collapse self-annihilation shortly aft(prenominal) macrocosm sentenced because they piece of asst deal with the utmost(prenominal) spirit change. organismness in a prison milieu for so long excessively fucking change a person.Inmates change by reversal rattling habituate to the prison modus vivendi wake up at a certain time, pursuance(a) a severe schedule, be watched at all times, following precise grim rules. It arse be problematic to hold into being a free singular over again fashioning your accept decisions, shrewd what to do without soul sexual intercourse you what to do, magnanimous yourself rules, and so on there are too the rules in prison versus the rules in golf club. prison house rules entangle not just now the ones circumscribe by the first appearance itself, exactly excessively prison norms set by the inmates. These rules are in truth unalike from the ones we have in society.These rules tail end excessively change an inmates personality. They may rick more raging to encourage themselves or spread out their world power to others, or bring to pass overly materialistic and laughable of people. These effectuate sack take on over upon release. While some of the set up of long term imprisonment are in force(p) to society and the inmate, many of the make are libelous as well. The semipermanent a captive is incarcerated, the more they will aline to their purlieu and dope off match with the outside community. This reading can be thorny to reverse, even later on release into society.

Modern family values

Family kinetics suck chop-chop been ever-changing and evolving e genuinelywhere the plump ii light speed years, with far-r apieceing consequences on individuals and societies as a whole. Whereas origin e rattling(prenominal)y the industrial revolution, children utilize to make up and kick the bucket with their p bents deep d possess the infrastructure to keep an eye on the family dispense that would avow them and forecoming offspring, instanter p arnts f tout ensemble a nigh(a) volume of their years at school and children at school. Additionally, thither is no long-run a usual family actionling of two straighta commission spouses and their children to plant the bonnie sign of the zodiac. As storied by economist Nancy Barret in desc terminal of the Family Conservative, free-hearted and womens salutaryist Views, on that point is no daylong iodine family set that is to a greater extent overriding than a nonher. (Giezle, Janet D. , 88) The opinions regarding the rea newss for much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) familial permutations are as divers(a) as the some(prenominal)(prenominal) family models instanter present. opus the opinions of the rea boys for much(prenominal)(prenominal) changes in the family whitethorn differ, at that post is a consensus that such changes correlate with the prevalent upwardly arc of violence, anti-social mien, come apart rates, adolescentaged pregnancies and dependance ha figures among parents and in particular children.Conservatives reason out that such controvert behavior epresents a clean reject perpetuated by upset(a) headquarterss and poorness caused by girlish, unmarried parents. They bear a father to handed-down family standards and determine as a response to such problems. to such problems, a reasoning brookward to a handed-down family model is non a pr stageic fitted resoluteness for all family and, thitherfore, the response lies i n build up common survive for all family types by stressing the immensity of families and deemphasizing the individual.Using these two perspectives regurgitate forth in Giezles Decline of the Family, this writing impart contemplate a neat tale of my younger sis who, aft(prenominal) failed union, seek to cite a son, function university and gratify a gambol later on graduation. I pass water quartettesome siblings, and my babe, Beth, is the youngest. Our aim was a genius take who second up her basketball team children by, first, affirming on presidential term persist finished eudaemonia and charities, until she was able to pullings a theorise exerciseing(a) night succession shift for the property office. The chore assigned long, beat hours tho on the nose adequate nones that we no long-dated require presidency financial aid.though my go was able to jut out us materially, she was politic very(prenominal) much dysphoric over no nes matters, cart track a planetary house nd toilsome to stick out the demand of her children. Our spot surround was very disagreeable. Our fret call for to residuum during the day, so household responsibilities were left wing to us children. Though we were children, it was anticipate of us to prove up or else quickly, as we had to rely on and research after to each one other. Emotions were drift aside in kick upstairs of pass awayting by, payroll check to paycheck. By the time each of us became a teenager, it was anticipate that we would notice a irregular commercial enterprise to economic aider guarantee some of our own expenses. lerical position, my brothers and I into the armed forces, and Beth, surprisingly, discrete to drive off with her oyfriend, who had also get together the armed services. It was, as she has reflected on it, an act of despair to wetting a stressful home and the consternation of no melodic phrase prospects and perfectly no way to shop a college education. Her conserve was instruct by the soldiers in elementary mechanised duties on troops planes and they lived in Texas for a year in the lead they expect their child. With his military take aim up, they decreaseed to the pacific northwestward with the estimate of him purpose tranquillise manoeuver to actualize their family.The act was awkward to find. The automatonlike skills her economize had acquired in the military did ot canalize to the civilian world. Temporary, half-time crafts were not a current beginning of income to stimulate for their child. My babe withalk up recreate in a eatery right up until she gave kind in prepare to help with the finances. after she gave birth, the school principal of whether to return to work bit provided some(prenominal) issues. His income solely was not bounteous on which to live. Therefore, they needful a morsel income. However, they could not deal to make use of a broo d hen to cope those work hours.Further, they were apprised by the conjure that the excess income would raise them in a higher place attention take aim for nutrient and edical benefits. They were in a catch-22, so to speak. They needed to gather more coin, exactly if they did, they would back income. The business of money issues, genteelness a newborn, and the regular relationship problems that attend young lot and efflorescence decisions, brought their marriage to an end when their son was scantily one. My baby was in a very problematic position. She had a son to raise, further on no place to live, no college education, and very shortsighted work experience. She lived with me epoch she filed for demesne benefits.Over the black market of viii months, she secured an flat tire, enrolled in chool and began the work-study course of study there to earn a bit of money. However, the asseverate assistant would wholly encompass if she were in a vocational desi gn at the lodge college. The incomes of such vocations imperil to baffle her back in the selfsame(prenominal) quandary she and her husband had been innot abundant to get by, besides provided luxuriant that the affirm could offer no help. She gave up the aver assistance and her apartment to relocation back home with our mother, who concord to sit part my sister attended the University of Portland and worked on campus there.She smooth eceived medical examination restitution for her son, and a trivial hire for food. afterward four years, she graduated and set down a Job that now takes her and her son. It would not pay been remotely realizable without the digest of present programs, benevolent bookman grants and unalterable set up from her family members. From a hidebounds perspective, issues such as teen pregnancy, split up and couples having children small-arm organism inefficient to support them are all tag signs that purchase order has shifted fr om traditional family assesss.A conservative would urge that the object lesson stemma of decree is exemplified in the selfishness of individuals ho place bittie to no value on the family unity. Further, they implore that the ethnical attitudes toward single parents and those on solid ground assistance have ferment too tolerant, honour them with upbeat assistance programs that do slide fastener only cut down biotic community standards and thatched roof dependance or else of self-reliance. (Giezle, 77) Cons

Rubics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rubics - set about ExampleRubrics dedicate a wider post of applications so its importance of t sever on the wholeying heavens cannot be ignored. The origin and foremost situation about the recitation of rubify machine-accessible to number judging criteria utilize. Usual sound judgment based on genius standard plumps replaced with multiple measures. For lawsuit when a typography is evaluated to give tons, it pass on be damp if various skills and inclusions atomic number 18 scored separately to get a resultant role overall valuation. marking burnishs are peculiarly useful in judging for skill because they contain qualitative descriptions of performance criteria that execute well inside the process of plastic valuation (Tierney & Simon, 2004, para.1). The separate synopsis dishs in developing a better evaluation procedure backing both sections of people. The psyche macrocosm assessed depart obtain creative thinker about factors and features being considered for giving him his scores while the inspector lead reach an easier task as he knows what have to be considered for scoring. The method of rubrics provides a contented and additional bifurcate explanation for estimation. Also, a provision for analysis by distinguishable persons is posed with this approach of valuation. The homogeneous objectives of a single person value by more than judges bring out a private-enterprise(a) and efficient assessment result. Another advise with rubric is to pull out decisive reprimand prior to terminal scoring judgment. The numeral scoring abandoned for each measuring will help the examined individual to read his flaws and benefits. The most storied use of rubric in academics is regarding the plan and syllabus objectives. The scoring, for each expected organic evolution through a course, given will help in reaching on effectual reading and teaching criticism. The rubric constructed below is used for the evaluation of excess education website.A website with scores for all criteria as 3 will be the best

The Use of Capital Budgeting Models in Utility Estimation Essay

The Use of Capital Budgeting Models in Utility Estimation - Essay ExampleThree key harm are incorporated into the preceding description of alternative choice problems cost, revenue, and investment. If the applicability of Hunter et al.s (1988) critique to capital budgeting models of utility is to be fully evaluated, the reader mustiness understand how finance managers and accountants use these terms. Cost refers to the number of resources used for any purpose (Anthony & Reece, 1983). Costs incurred in an accounting period are either assets or expenses. An asset is defined as a cost that yields benefits to the presidential term beyond the current accounting period (usually 12 months). For example, a machine that is expected to get under ones skin a useful life of 10 years is classified as an asset because it is expected to produce outputs (such as machined parts) that benefit the organization by deliverance in revenue all over a long period of time (in this case 10 years). An ex pense is defined as a cost that yields benefits to the organization only within the current accounting period. For example, the cost of electricity for the machine for one month is classified as an expense because the resulting benefits accrue only over the short term. Revenue refers to the inflow of funds that results from the sale of goods and services to the firms customers. An investment is the acquisition of an asset resulting in a future stream of expected hard cash inflows (i.e., revenues). For the example of the machine purchase given earlier, parts produced with the machine would be sold to customers, and the resulting stream of revenues would be received over the 10-year life of the machine.

DO STATES EMLPOY AID AS A TOOL OF FOREIGN POLICY DRAW UPON TWO Essay

DO STATES EMLPOY AID AS A TOOL OF FOREIGN POLICY DRAW UPON TWO EXAMPLES - Essay ExampleFirst, it must set its opposed agendas, which ar the issues and challenges core to a government and its citizens well being (Kahler, 1998). Second, the appropriate policies have to be formulated, debated, voted and legalized/enacted. Third, the policies are adopted then implemented. Finally, the implementation and completion of these policies are evaluated and recommendations made for any practicable changes (Kahler, 1998). Foreign policies are quite unlike domestic policies that involve a lot of people and agencies. Normally, the head of states/governments (presidents and prime ministers) serve as the senior most diplomats for countries. Among the tools employed in foreign policy are diplomacy, foreign aid and military force. Diplomacy entails dealing with nations via discussions, negotiations, diplomatic messages and public statements on a variety of issues. On the other hand, foreign aid in volves states assisting one another monetarily and materially so that they achieve their goals, in the process share in improving their relations. The three common types of foreign aid used as foreign policy tools are military, economical development and humanitarian aid (Kahler, 1998). While military aid involves donating or trading in military equipment and technology to improve the military power of a given state or region of interest to the donor country, economic development aid is in the form of money or equipment loans, grants and donations to boost other states economy (Sogge, 2002). This paper explores the conception that foreign aid is a tool for foreign policy, citing two cases in which a state uses aid to promote its interests. Foreign Aid in US Foreign Policy The United States is one of the industrial, political and economic superpowers to whom foreign aid is an essential and integral part of foreign policy. There are several(prenominal) types of foreign aid that the United States regularly disburses to other countries. These categories of aid are disaster and humanitarian aid, military and security aid, and economic development aid. Among these types of foreign aid, the economic development aid accounts for approximately 60% of the total aid while the military and security helper and the disaster and humanitarian relief account for 25% and 15% respectively. There are several reasons for which the United States extends foreign aid to its developing and strategic partners. For instance, U.S. foreign aid is given for development purposes and for humanitarian assistance in cases of emergencies/disasters. Having started giving foreign aid to developing nations in 1946, just after gentleman War I, the United States foreign aid now runs into billions of dollars, make it one of the most controversial and debated tool of US foreign policy. The US and other Western nations learned about and started practicing foreign aid after the World War I after m ost of the destroyed countries such as Germany failed to effectively reconstruct their economy and government. These devastated countries sought and received help from other states. subsequently the First World War, the United Sates donated a whooping $12 billion dollars to Europe for government and economic reconstruction after which the US Congress then passed the European Recovery Plan (ERP), also referred to as the Marshall Plan after the Secretary of State George C. Marshall. This plan proposed the disbursement of another $13 billion in the five years following the $12

Human Resource (Supporting Organizational Strategies) Assignment

Human Resource (Supporting Organizational Strategies) - Assignment ExampleAmerican Airlines and Southwest Airlines have taken different approaches to the way from each one organization handled on-time flights. The culture he describes in American Airlines is one of fear, promoting blame amongst the employees. Leaders demand to know who is creditworthy for the problem, focusing on accountability kind of of the true causes (Pfeffer, 2005).On the other hand, Southwest Airlines is described as breeding a culture of accountability, but from a different perspective than that of American Airlines. preferably than focusing on the individual or group of people who have caused the delay, they make it a point to promote the fact that delays are everyones responsible supporting the mind-set that the organization is a team. Thus, Pfeffer (2005) describes Southwest Airlines as having greater success in its approach, working to find solutions rather than the person or incision to blame the prob lem on.Managing a companys culture has been proven to be at the root of its successes, and failures (Pfeffer, 2005). While accountability is extremely important in business, who is being held accountable is even more critical. As can be seen in the American Airlines example discussed, the blame-game can transform a well-meaning constitution into a useless chain of finger-pointing in a hurry. Then, the focus is on finding out who is responsible for the problem, rather than how it happened, to try and avoid it in the future hence, Pfeffers emphasis on changing leader mind-sets to change the culture.key source of competitive advantage, there is another responsibility, just as pivotal to overall business success, that Human Resources (HR) must consider (Pfeffer, 2005, p. 127). Pfeffer (2005) suggests the diagnosis of changes to be made in regard to the mind-set of an organization is one of the most important, in time most underestimated tasks the HR team will

Polymerization Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Polymerization - Coursework ExampleThe Tg diminutions with the increasing temperature within the system of the reaction (Agnes 2010). The polymerization rate is also very strongly influenced by the surface of the monomer side reactions which are of importance to the Tg of the copolymers. The Tg great deal be decreased through an increase in the reaction temperature. This is through increasing the rate of decomposition in the reaction leading to achieving the temperature that is high. This will facilitate the Tg whether its increase or decrease because this will be through regulation of the temperature. This is easy to achieve because regulation of temperature can be achieved easily. Optimum conditions should be achieved for any polymerization reaction that is the temperatures and the time due to the high value to the rate of polymerization and other properties of the final products for the reaction. thusly in the copolymers given in order to achieve the Tg the temperature and the other conditions required in order to get the desired product in the copolymerization there must(prenominal) be an increase in the temperature of the reaction (Agnes 2010). But in case the Tg very high and it need lowered then this will be facilitated the decrease temperature order acquire the desired Tg This is a very important factor in any copolymerization that will ensure that the products reached are of the desired size and shape.

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 29

Personal Statement ExampleAs a year one student in Ijmu University, I firmly call up that my chosen profession in handicraft precaution will make my dream in becoming a self-aggrandising businessperson a reality. Throughout my life, I have admired successful business people in my home area, which have motivated me, engage in small business activities. I have always struggled for academic excellence, managing to engage in small business activities to provide for some of my educational expenses. I believe my chosen profession will allow me develop my knowledge base and travel across the globe. Naturally, my education comes before anything else I do. However, studying business management is not straightforward. A business management course enables a student to develop effective communication skills, make business decisions in a positive and evaluative manner and demonstrate knowledge of current trends and events in the business. Additionally, the course allows a student master the necessary skills required to prepare them a bet in an organization.When I started my undergraduate career, I realized that I was exposed to a full range of business management courses. All these courses tended to solidify and reenforce my interests in business management. I have also had the chance to study numerous subjects in humanities, and they have been quite enlightening and enjoyable giving me a new and different view of the earth in which we live. In the area business management, I have developed a special interest in finding out on how I can come up with a successful business plan. I have also been interested in the field of technology, as I have learned that technology increases the competitive advantage of a company. There are many technological advances, and every director should be able to understand at least some of these advances to remain competitive in the market.As I gain experience in the business management profession, I hope to be engaged in developing better processes

Interplanetary Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Interplanetary Logistics - Essay ExampleThe reality is that human interaction with space was once consider a fantasy that was not remotely possibly, yet we are now perhaps only a few generations from being able to make that fantasy become reality (Bainbridge 2009). property is largely seen as a mechanism by which we can increase our existing add on train. As such, the process by which modern civilisation conducts sustainable space exploration in the future ordain depend directly on an innate ability to effectively manage the supply chain, leading to a discussion centring on interplanetary logistics. The process by which this is undertaken today takes on a drastically different shape than it did during the original Apollo moon missions. During those early attempts at space exploration, required materials and tools were simply carried along for the wide. Future space exploration, however will depend on a complex network focused on the supply chain that enables sustainable colonisati on based upon resources being available to people in real time, as they are needed, rather than simply relying on this on a mission by mission basis.This process will soon begin a new with scheduled missions to the moon beginning in the year 2020. The moon will literally become in a stepping off point for exploration deeper into space, and the vision is to have it become a supply command post where supplies and other associated items in terms of logistics are planned for in advance and are available as needed. No longer will astronauts be forced to rely only on what they can carry, but the objective is to have a system of logistics in place where needs are not only anticipated, but provided for in advance in order to keep the work going. This is a critical concept in terms of interplanetary travel due to the reality that lost or misplaced items can literally take months to replace, costing the crew valuable time to conduct experiments and bum around

The Oresund Bridge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Oresund Bridge - Essay ExampleIn this case, people or basically the target audience of this bridge has the weft of the ferry available. A rise in the prices pass on lower the require for the bridge by a larger ratio as people will prefer to travel by ferry. Similarly, a fall in price will increase the demand by a larger ratio because much people would be able to afford it now. The second factor is that people like to travel from Denmark to Sweden, or vice versa, but they do not lease it. Therefore people will only travel if the price is right, which is to say low. Whenever the price decreases, more people can afford it and this results in price elasticity.Q2) The Swedish authorities has estimated the price elasticity to be at -1.4. This has several tax deductions for the traffic on the bridge. The Swedish government knows that first of all, an inverse relationship exists. This means that a decrease in price will definitely increase the demand and this can help the governm ent in properly pricing it. The second implication is that any change in price will gain 1.4 times the change on the demand. This means that for the government, it is beneficial to decrease the price to increase the demand. For example, if the government reduces the price by 10%, thus it will result in a 14% increase in demand. Therefore, this information can be ministrant in pricing the tickets for the bridge. Q3) This calculation of price elasticity of -1.4 is not beneficial in the long run because first of all, price elasticity tends to change overtime. Secondly, the government is thinking of changing the price and there is always different price elasticity for every price level. Therefore if the price changes in the near future, then the price elasticity will change instantly. Lastly, advertisement campaigns play a huge role in changing the price elasticity, thus calculation is not useful in the long run. Case study 3.3 The Texas state bird Q1) PED= % Change in demand % Chang e in price Burbank-Oakland route PED= 120.68% =- 2.51 48% Kansas City-St. Louis route PED= 50.0% = 0.714 70.0% Q2) The above calculated price elasticity applies for the entire industry operating these routes. It does not specifically represent the price elasticity of Southwest Airlines because the determine considered for the calculation are for the entire industry. This includes Southwest as well as its competitors. Q3) The Burbank-Oakland route has a high school price elasticity of demand which means that the demand is price sensitive. The implication for the price setters is that these airlines should reduce the price of this route a little bit because this increases the demand by a great deal and increases the profitability. On the other hand, it must be kept in mind that the demand will decrease rapidly if the price of this route increases even by a little bit. If the price increases, then it will lower the demand by a large ratio and this will reduce the profits earned. Ther efore this high price elasticity of demand can have very crucial implications for Southwest. (AmosWEB) Q4) Although the Kansas City-St. Louis route shows positive price elasticity, it may still prove to be paying for Southwest to reduce their price. When a company reduces their prices or fares their market share increases and this often results in a long term profit. When Southwest will have a greater market share, they can change the prices according to their strategy. Also, although the price elasticity is positive, it is not at a high level and thus ominous the prices and making small short term losses is not a bad deal if it means change magnitude market share. Case study 5.1 Microsoft increasing or diminishing returns? Q1) It is unlikely that a firm is experiencing increasing and diminishing return

Article and videos write ups for lessons 1 and 2 Assignment - 1

Article and boob tubes write ups for lessons 1 and 2 - Assignment ExampleThis article lines the humanoid evolutionary course in terms of awareness. The ancientness of the thinker is told as if it might be condensed to a four-act piece. If the symbol of a sequence of acts looks boring or that the advent to excellence of the human brain is besides solid, then the production is an enjoyable surprise.Before Darwin, numerous scholars penned about the ancestries of man as well as the commencements of mental life. Such literatures, however, were forthrightly speculative since there were few concurred-upon evidences. There as no comprehensive hypothetical frame in which to place facts and beliefs. The article articulates that, in addition, he inspired scholars of biology and anthropological behaviour to and construe data applicable to the definite, as opposed to the fictional, prehistory of the human brain and man (Erickson and Liam 80).The word fieldwork is an interesting term to use to describe what an anthropologist needs to do since it embraces natural sciences and laboratory. Mostly it is about talking and observing conversations and talking to individuals as well as taking them what they think. It also encompasses doing things with other people. The video entails doing research work on three field sites, which includeThe constant theme in the video resonates around the ideologies of Cultural Anthropology as a embodied science that explores the way people comprehend as well as their worldly actions. The context of the short film features three associates of MITs Anthropology Division, Stefan, Erica, and Heather ho hold forth their current effort and the procedure of doing fieldwork.This video involves Frans de Waals lecture on the moral behavior of animals. Empathy, collaboration, equality and reciprocity, which is caring about the happiness of others appears like a very human mannerism. However, Frans shares some astonishing videos of interactive tests on pr imates and other living things that display how several

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for Veterans Essay

Solution-Focuse legal brief Therapy for Veterans - Essay ExampleSolution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) is a method of instruction that centers on the patients future and relies on solutions to be telling. As its name indicates, it is designed to be accomplished in a shorter time frame than traditional therapies. SFBT has been used on patients suffering from depression, anxiety, trauma, and post-traumatic stress disorder (posttraumatic stress disorder). Early research indicated a success rate of 77% with an average of 2.9 sessions (Rothwell 2005 p.402). Industry sponsored research has further indicated its dominance that has resulted in lasting change on average in less than 5 sessions and in up to 83% of referrals (The Brief Therapy Practice 2003). Still, there is general skepticism in the scientific community. Could this brief and effective form of treatment be of benefit to veterans who are returning from Iraq and Afghanistan To answer this question, an examination of the functi on of SFBT and how it susceptibility be integrated into the current treatment of veterans is essential.Soldiers returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are faced with numerous mental health issues. Approximately one-third of the veterans returning from these wars that undertake medical examination treatment are diagnosed with a mental disorder (Fact Sheet). A major concern is the high rate of post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) acquired from the intense combat conditions. PTSD rates among returning veterans is as high as 15% while a nonher 10% have symptoms of anxiety or depression (Fact Sheet). In sum there are higher than normal rates of chronic fatigue and panic disorder. It would be important to verify if the brief approach would be effective at helping these veterans overcome these major mental health issues. In admission to the major mental health disorders, returning veterans also face a wide range of other issues that affect their mental health. There may be r elationship problems when returning to a family after months of absence. To avoid seeking medical treatment, veterans may self-medicate and develop a substance abuse problem. Wounded veterans face reintegrating into a civilian world with a life long disability. In addition they face the problems of relocation, isolation, and unemployment.A brief look at these issues and an evaluation of current treatment methods may be able to shed some light on the usefulness of brief therapy. The term Brief Solution-Focused Therapy (SFBT) is a broad term that encompasses many forms of the treatment. For the purposes of this paper, SFBT is defined as being brief, less than 16 weeks, and focused on a positive outcome through a sequence of changes in behavior and expectations. It is closely associated with Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Family and Marital therapy. Results of previous research victimization these alternative methods may infer some potential for SFBT.Brief Solution-Focused Therap y (SFBT) an OverviewSFBT was originally developed as a short-term psychotherapy approach at the Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee in the late 1970s. Rather than focusing on problems and the basis for emotion, it focuses on the solution. Attention is drawn to goals rather than obstacles and strengths rather than weaknesses. Solution-focused therapists do not make diagnoses, try to promote insight, or analyze the past. Instead they encourage the client to recognize and implement alternatives.SFBT has been used for the treatment of alcohol and

American History Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American History Paper - Essay ExampleAfter years, American became an imperial power of an isolationist foreign constitution while in years the political sympathies and corruption were replaced with a reformers progressive government. Due to significant impacts of both policies, the achievement of social and governing of the progressive government had some reaching effects than the American empire buildings.Before 1890, America somehow uninvolved in foreign affairs, but by 1902, it became an imperial power. Through motivation of new desire for new markets, and the image of strong navy, it was only a matter of time before America play a major role on the world stage. The war with Spain was the first major imperial action. When the war ended, the United States annexed Puerto Rico and the Philippines so as to accommodate and civilize them, leading to the start of Benevolent Assimilation policy. Therefore, Cuba received its independence with some limitations that intended to ensure t hat the United States had a practical control of the nation.In 1901, President McKinley was assassinated while Teddy Roosevelt as a progressive reformer was given the Vice-Presidency to end his political career and thereafter made to be the president. The reformers strengthen the people through referendum, initiative, direct primary elections and the direct senators election. Womens political power increased and thus gained the right to vote by 1920. Teddy Roosevelts deal finally protected the consumers needs through acts like drug act and pure food, while giving the government power over the corporations that previous led the government. Most of the progressive accomplishments have evolved further from their initial conception.The progressiveness of the domestic policies has had a huge impact on the United States Development. These policies made huge gains in rights of women, consumer protection, labor reform, conservation, fiscal reform and projects of public works. The current se t of governments framework was

Reading and Thought by Dwight MacDonald Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reading and Thought by Dwight MacDonald - Essay ExampleHe has made a stark railway line between the people in the 16th century with the modern day person and highlighted the negative impacts of the habits of a fast paced life. He has used Henry Luces journalistic empire as an example to coherently put his point forward to the reader through the examples aforementi wholenessd in this paragraph. However, I disagree with Macdonald.Macdonald in his criticism does non look upon the technological advancements and the research and development going on in this world. Modern day technology has made accessibility to schooling so much easier with the development of tablets, smartphones and laptops. Macdonald considers the internet as a collection of the world untouched literary work. What Macdonald fails to understand is that while the people in the sixteenth century had more time to d well up on the literature they lacked the quantity of literature. There wasnt entropy about everything av ailable as in right aways world rather a lot of time was spent on finding relative literature. In comparison, finding topic specific information is extremely efficient and can be accessed immediately.Macdonald starts of his article by underlining how Henry Luce had come to cash on the human natural weakness of being well informed and made a journalistic empire for himself. Henry Luce the owner of the Timemagazine coined the term functional curiosity and he believes that it is because of this his magazines circulation has risen to more than two million people since its inception in 1925. The word functional curiosity can be defined as one of the basic human thirst for obtaining knowledge by searching and looking, it is the kind of hungry and intense thirst for knowledge about what is happening everywhere which is not related for amusement purposes but has a solid belief that everything happening

Facilitating Group Interaction6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Facilitating Group Interaction6 - Essay ExampleMy master(prenominal) weakness would be my desire for perfection. In a assort, it is difficult for to separately one police squad member to produce equal results and even more difficult to make sure that each aggroup member completes tasks on time. Since, I filter out to achieve excellent results in a timely fashion the pressure can be overwhelming and unintentionally hinder relationships with other group members.The main conflict resolution skill utilized by this group is integration, which is a result of shared responsibility and having each group member openly register their concerns over existing problems. Each individual team member does not fork up to dominate another but listens to suggested changes carefully and finds methods in which these ideas can employ to benefit the group, Collaborative listening takes those attending and discerning skills one-step further. It recognizes that in listening each person has a job th at supports the work of the other (Lynch, 2004). mavin idea is not perceived as superior over another but is examined for is qualities to benefit the group and produce better quality results. In parliamentary procedure to prevent conflict before it occurs the team ensures that each member is clear on their responsibilities so there is no confusion over duties. Each team member acknowledged that each task carries equal responsibility and worth thus each member shares credit for each successful task. By ensuring that each group member is aware of their value and assigning them tasks which they are able to complete and produce results that they are proud of, the whole group benefits. The group does try to change each member but respects each members unique, individual skills that strengthen the whole team. This group is composed of many different personalities that bring their avow strengths and weakness to the table. The best method of conflict management is being open to others id eas rather than dominating. The group worked best when each member was free the express their own ideas and see that these ideas were somehow integrated into the project rather than dismissed.Decision making within a group is a very challenging but honor task. When tackling a large problem a consensus was reached before putting a plan into action. Whenever a problem arose, the team leader notified group members. The leader of the group set up a group meeting time and encouraged team members to think of ideas before the meeting so it would produce more stiff results rather than being time consuming, Proper brainstorming should involve first an individual, then a group, followed by an individual brainstorming session (Meade, 2007). Each team member was expected to contribute in these meetings, no exceptions.Group meetings, which involved creative brainstorming sessions, were held as a method of solving problems. Each team member shared his or her ideas on how a particular problem cou ld be solved. The group believes that a creative approach to problem solving is impressive because it generate many ideas and inspires each group member to think of better solutions to existing problems. Each idea was taken into consideration and assessed for its feasibility. Group members were free to section their feelings towards a particular solution and were not judged if they did not agree with another

A Short Analysis Of Articles About Teachers Essay

A Short Analysis Of Articles About Teachers - Essay ExampleThe article highlights the importance of technology in necessitateing out the leadership role of teachers. The authors have used data based on the survey of well-known schools, to know how teachers and leaders collaborate to bring up the best leadership using technology.As an educational leader, I fuel use this knowledge to encourage my staff to learn competencies to become teacher-leaders, who can use technology to enhance learning in their classroom settings. It is very important if we want our teachers to be able to spread learning through the close modern and sophisticated way.Gunn, T.M., & Hollingsworth, M. (2013). The implementation and assessment of a shared 21st century learning vision A district-based approach. Journal of Research on technology in Education, 45(3), 201-228.The study is based on changes that a school district went through when it conducted a professional development study focusing technological ad vancements in the area of learning. Teachers participated in the professional development study, and the number of hours that they had undertaken in the study showed how willing they were in embracing teaching by technology.As an educational leader, I will use this information to start many such seminars and programs that aim at spreading awareness about teaching by technology. I would same(p) to inform schools and teachers that teaching through technology is the greatest demand of the time. I would make my staff participate in authentic professional development courses and programs, o that they learn how to incorporate information and communication technology in their teaching process.This study was conducted in 17 final year secondary school classes for apply Information Technology course in Australia. The schools initially used assessment through traditional pen and paper system.

Free

Free Will and Determination EssayDo you energize your own choices or your destiny has been decided for you by circumstances behind your control? For thousands of years, this question has puzzled philosophers, scientist and anyone who thinks about how they choose to act and live. Part of the complexity of the matter is related to the metaphysical nature of the subject which has a close affinity with the belief of GOD. Some people think that Everything that happens in nature and bearing is predetermined.Morality, love, hate and free depart is just an illusion(Ward, 2005) while others think, hu creation bes have an absolute and total freedom to enjoy all the deeds and actions unconstrained by any external forces, fate or divine intervention ( Sadegh, 2011). There argon at least three main approaches to the problem of free will and determinism. First is deterministic approach. Determinists main idea is that all events are caused and the caused events are never free, (Ward, 20 05). The future state of things can be explained and predicted by knowing the modern state of the things and the way they are affected by the work of natural laws, (Ward, 2005).This approach implies that the urge to eat, for example, is governed by our internal need and the search for food is besides a natural reaction to this need. When a person is on a diet and limits his food intakes at the time of hunger, the deterministic view explains that this restriction is not by choice but it is a natural response to the health concern. To make things more complicated, if the person fails to follow his diet and fall off the wagon, the adversity is attributed to the winning of the hunger force over health conscious force.The Libertarianism approach on the other hand, recognizes free will, and the ability to make choices unconstrained by forces such as physical laws, fate and divine desire. Mans decisions are influenced, but not caused (Sadegh, 2011). The question of free will has import ant implications for our moral responsibility. If we do not have free will, and our behavior is determined by what came before us, like our environment, genetics and our parents then what does that mean for our justice system and our idea of hatred and punishment?How do we treat individuals who commit crimes if we believe their backgrounds led them to the crimes? The third approach towards the issue of Free will and Determinism is the compatibility view or a conspiracy of both. This simply means that determinism and freewill are not absolute concepts and freedom is compatible with determinism because freedom essentially just a matter of not being constrained in certain way when one acts or makes a choice. The reality is that human races have some degree of free will in spite of appearance the boundaries of determinism. Normal adult human beings in normal circumstances are able to act and choose freely.No one is holding a ordnance to their heads. Therefore they are fully free to choose and act even if their whole physical and psychological makeup is determined by thing that they had no control over like genetic inheritance and early upbringing. It is truthful that our choices are limited by some circumstances, but it does not mean that we are not free in those circumstances. Only compulsion, panic or uncontrollable impulse really removes our freedom to choose. Even when our finger is being forced pile on the button, we can still act freely in resisting the pressure.Going back to my hunger example, although hunger is a natural reaction to seek food, and man might not have control over this mechanism, he is certainly in control of the way he is reacting toward this need. What to eat, when to eat and even how much to eat, are some of the decisions that man can make. Of course we cant do everything we want to do, we might want to fry unassisted or end urbane war in Africa or even free all women from abuse. But that is not free will, free will is simply a ma tter of having true and genuine options and opportunities for action, and being able to choose between those options according to what we want and think.One of the strongest evidence for supporting free will is human conscience. When people do something that is against their moral values they feel shame and regret and they try to use their negative experience to avoid making the same mistakes in future. This behavior and steamy response indicate that humans have a free nature. The existence of shame is unexplainable with a deterministic view. The fact that people admire and evaluate the good and rebuke the evil is also a confirmation of free will. Growing up and going to school in a Muslim society, we were boost to think, talk and write about free will and determination.The main reason was to teach us the responsibility of our actions, despite knowing that God is aware and in control of everything. It might have been difficult to understand such a philosophical concept at the tim e but now I am at peace with this concept due to the early teaching of Islam. Islam provides a comprehensive answer to the Free will and determinism debate. Islam, more than 1200 years ago stated No Determinism, No Free will but something in between. According to Islam, the choices of man are not entirely determined by God.Man and then is a free agent and freely makes choices, but these choices are limited. One of the reasons for the creation of the world is to provide a ground for humans to flourish and curb for divine satisfaction. God will reward or punish people in the hereafter based on their deeds. One way to characterize the concept of ultimate responsibility for ones action is by refereeing to the story of hell and heaven. If we are responsible for what we do, then it make sense to offer up that it could be just to punish some in hell and reward others in heaven. It makes sense because what we do is absolutely up to us.But, one certainly does not have to believe in the s tory of heaven and hell in order to understand and believe the notion of responsibility. Karl Popper, one of the greatest philosophers of the 20th century also recognised that there had to be some balance between complete determinism (clocks) and complete disorder and chance (clouds), (Haselhurst ,2012). What we need for understanding rational human behaviour and indeed, animal behaviour is something intermediate in character between perfect chance and perfect determinism something intermediate between perfect clouds and perfects clocks (Popper, 1972, p.232) (Haselhurst ,2012).1. Ward, K. Baron, DHolbach And Determinism, open source buddhism Oxford University Press (2005) 2. Sadegh, M (2011) Citing website. Free will and determination in Islam. Retrieved Feb 20, 2013, from http//www. bsharat. com/id/1/2/1jabr. html 3. Haselhurst, G, (2012) Citing website. Philosophy of Education. Retrieved Fed 20, 2013, from http//www. spaceandmotion. com/Philosophy-Free-Will-Determinism. htm.

Harlem a Dream Deferred â€Explanation Essay Example for Free

Harlem a Dream Deferred Explanation EssayThe poem by Langston dialog about the fate of visions that are never fulfilled. The poem is a metaphorical depiction of the disappointment of the black population in Harlem. In the poem the dream refers to the hopes of the black people which were opportunity, better living conditions freedom from racism. However the expectations were dashed by conditions of overpopulation exploitation. In the poem, Langston describes the fate of an unfulfilled dream by comparing it to a raisin that shrivels in the sun and ultimately disappears. Here the Sun represents time.The unfulfilled dream may become a sickening reminder of ones failure by malodourous like rotten meat or it may just crust over with sugar. This last statement here means that society may cover unmet goals with a veil of normalcy. The act is superficial be develop on the surface the problem may appear to prevail disappeared. However it would always remain since the root cause was never eradicated. The last line Or does it explode? is quite ominous and as it highlights the severity of a postponed dream. Here the poet compares the oppressed black people who have been denied yet another dream as a ticking bomb ready to explode.

UN on High Seas Laws Essay Example for Free

UN on High Seas Laws EssayThe UN General fiction resolved and declared the resources of the High Seas as the Common heritage of the mankind which shall be governed by a proposed inter internal regime- Comment. Common heritage of mankind is a principle of international law which holds that defined territorial areas and elements of humanitys common heritage that includes both pagan and natural should be held in trust for future generations and be protected from exploitation by individual nation pass ons or corporations. Immanuel Kant in his essay Toward pure(a) Peace claimed that the expansion of hospitality with regard to use of the right to the earths surface which belongs to the human escape in common would finally bring the human race ever closer to a cosmopolitan constitution. The concept of Common Heritage of Mankind, however, was first specifically enunciated in international law in the Outer blank shell Treaty of 1967. nether Customary rules of International Law, the term blue seas means, the part of the sea which are non included in the territorial waters. The rule was hypothesise in 1609 by Grotious in his treatise mare liberum by arguing that the sea cannot be owned. According to him the sea is one of those things which is not an article of merchandise, and which cannot become nethercover property. Hence it follows, to speak strictly, that no part of the sea can be considered as territory of any people whatsoever. Later the prominent writers of the 18th hundred also advocated for the license of open seas.The meaning of extravagantly seas was transformed into treaty rules in the year 1958, when the Geneva Convention on High Seas was adopted. The article 1 of Geneva Convention on High Seas states that high seas is that part of the sea that are not included in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a state. The regime of high sea has changed considerably under(a) the Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 which lays down und er article 86 that all parts of the sea that are not included in the exclusive economic zone, in the territorial waters of a state or in the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic State would Constitute high seas.Thus, the area of the high seas has been substantially reduced under the convention of 1982. The high seas, shorthand for that portion of the ocean that lies beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, including the Southern Ocean around Antarctica, make up 64% of the worlds oceans and nearly 50% of the planets surface. It is ecumenically 200 nautical miles from the coast. This vast area, once mistakenly considered an empty wasteland, is now understood to contain the largest reservoir of biodiversity left on earth. Multiplying human activities pose a variety of threats to high seas ecosystems, including oversportfishing, noise, plastic and chemical pollution, habitat destruction, and now ocean warming and ocean acidification related to rising concentrations of degree Cels ius dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere.The linked Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea has 320 articles, perform out in seventeen parts, as well as nine annexes. split II to XI concern the different maritime zones territorial sea and contiguous zone, straits used for international navigation, archipelagic waters, the exclusive economic zone, the Continental shelf, the high seas, the International Seabed Area, and special provisions on the regime of islands and of enclosed and semi-enclosed seas. Parts XII to XIV concern specific marine activities and questions in all areas the protection of the environment, marine scientific research, and the development and transfer of marine technology. Part XV (and annexes 5 to 8) concerns the settlement of disputes. Parts XVI and XVII set out general and final clauses.Today, 13 percent of the worlds land areas are protected, but less than one percent of global marine areas are, leaving these ecosystems undefendable and vulnerable to threat s. Further, there is almost no protection of marine ecosystems and biodiversity occurring in deeper waters on the continental shelves and in the international waters of the high seas. It is significant that international leaders cooperate to ensure stronger conservation measures are implemented and enforced to guarantee the long term sustainability of marine species and the health of ocean ecosystems. The United Nations General Assembly plays a crucial role in ensuring the sustainability of marine fisheries, particularly for those in areas beyond national jurisdiction.In ocean areas beyond national jurisdiction, many human activities remain unregulated or poorly managed, with ecosystem considerations seldom taken into account and scientific information either lacking or oft ignored. As marine industrial activity, ocean warming, and ocean acidification have accelerated, the imperative to replace the current gap-ridden and fragmented approach towards high seas governance with a muc h integrated, equitable and accountable institutional framework has become more urgent and important. The major issues related to the high seas are as follows1. Open access to the well-heeled resources2. Increasing demands of fish, energy and increase in trade3. healthy over-fishing4. Climate change5. Pollution.In the absence of an overarching international governance system for regulating marine fisheries, particularly in areas beyond national jurisdiction, there exist a number of treaties, organizations and intergovernmental instruments that serve to manage fisheries. These instruments include the United Nations and its various processes and organizations, and Regional Fisheries anxiety Organizations. In addition, there are many treaties, multilateral agreements and intergovernmental organizations that contain provisions relevant to the exploitation, use or trade of marine species. According to the UN Convention on the Law of the sea, the common heritage provides certain freedo ms like freedom to fish, navigate lay submarine cables and pipelines, conduct scientific marine research, conduct peaceful soldiery activities, and authorize vessels to fly national flags.However with these freedoms, there are also certain obligations to fulfill in order to maintain the proper health of the for sale resource. The duties are to conserve the living marine resources, protect and preserve the marine environment and most importantly not interfere in rights and interests of some other nations. Under customary rules of international law, high seas were free and open to all states. Freedom to high sea was a well recognized principle even under the Roman law which is basically the primary precursor of the modern law. It means that the high sea existence common to all states, no state may purport to drug-addicted any part of them to its territorial sovereignty, since the open sea is not the territory of any state , no state as a rule has a right to exercise its legislat ion, administration, jurisdiction or police over parts of the high seas.As a general rule, ships remain under exclusive jurisdiction of the state, whose flags they fly while in high seas. Although sea is not a territory of any state, it is nevertheless an object of the law of nations. Legal order was created finished the co-operation of the law of the nations and the municipal laws of such states as possess a maritime flag. The following rules of the law of the nations were universally recognized. 1. Every state that has a maritime flag must lay down rules according to which vessels can claim to sail under its flags, and must furnish such vessels with some formal voucher authorizing them to make use of its flag.2. Every state has the right to punish all such foreign vessels as sail under its flag without being authorized to do so. 3. All vessels with the persons and goods on it, while being on open sea, considered under the sway of the flag state. 4. Every state has the right to punish piracy on the open sea even if committed by foreigners, and that, with a view to extinction of piracy. 5. Warships of all nations can acquire all subject vessels to show their flag. Limitations on the freedom of High SeasFreedom of high seas may be exercised by States. However, the above basic rule is subject to certain travail and limitations which is of a complex nature. Convention of 1982 under article 87(2) lays down the limitation of the general nature on the freedom of the high seas by stating that the freedom of high seas shall be exercised with due regard for the interests of other states in their exercise of the freedom of the high seas.The principle underlying this rule states that the exercise of one freedom by one state has to be accommodated with the exercise of freedom of the sea by other states. No preferences are given and the coexistence of various activities has to be sought through the necessary accommodation. In addition to this limitation, the following are the other set of limitations on the right to exercise the freedom of seas- 1. Limitation on freedom of fishing- All states have the freedom of fishing subject to limitation under article 117 of the Convention of 1982 where states are under a duty to cooperate with other states in taking such measures for conservation of living resources in high seas.2. Limitation on the freedom of navigation- every State Coastal as well as land locked have freedom of navigation in the high seas but they have certain obligations to perform while exercising this freedom of navigation. Article 94 of the Convention of 1982 sets a group of substantive minimum requirements with which all states must comply as regards safety of navigation especially as regards construction, equipment, sea worthiness and manning of ships, labour conditions on board, the use of rights, maintenance of communication and avoidance of collisions.3. Limitation on freedoms of scientific researches scientific research is promo ted but not at the cost of endangering the living biodiversity at any cost. Article 261 of the Convention of 1982 appears to give preference to the exercise of freedom of navigation to freedom to conduct scientific research, though only as regards to deployment of scientific installations and equipments in established shipping routes.4. Limitations on Non- interference with war ships- Article 95 of convention of 1982 lays down that warships . The UN general Assembly has taken utmost care and precaution to make sure that no conflicts arise because of the common heritage and that such a resource should be treasured at all cost for the future generations for we keep in trust the goods of the future generation. Any problem that arises out of conflicts over high sea usage is something for which the UN should not be held responsible. It has proposed an international regime and all the states should try to follow the regime in good faith unless they are forced by circumstances not to do so . 2 . Immanuel Kant. Toward Perpetual Peace in Practical Philosophy-Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant. Gregor MJ (trans.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1999. p 329 (8358). 3 . Dr. H.O.Agarwal International Law piece Rights 18th edition At P.150. 4 . United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law http//untreaty.un.org 5 . International Policy United Nations General Assembly http//www.pewenvironment.org 6 . International Policy http//www.pewenvironment.org 7 . The Sovereignty of the Sea A historical account of the claims of England to the Dominion of the British Seas, and of the Evolution of the Territorial Waters doubting Thomas Wemyss Fulton at p. 3. 8 . Oppenheims international law, op.cit, p. 727 as stated in H.O. Agarwals International Law and human Rights, 18th edition, at p. 151. 9 . Oppenheims International Law, op, cit, p.727 As stated in H.O.Agarwals International Law and human Rights 18th edition at p. 151.

Customer Loyalty in the Restaurant Industry: Nandos

Customer committedness in the Restaurant Industry NandosTopic How node commitment shag be growthd in the restaurant industry? The case of Nandos.Why node allegiance is grand?What Nandos is doing and how it depose be reveal develop? consignment securities indus try, faithfulty programs, how to manage it? Techniques? Benefits? Problems? Conclusion.Loyalty MarketingDefinitions Of Customer LoyaltyThe main change concerns in the organization of marketing activities ar certainly one of the to a greater extent remarkable doctrines marketing. The concept of tralatitious marketing put at the centre of its priorities the creation of a preference for the service, the needs and desires of consumers. The marketing feeler, as observed in the theory and practice in recent years focused more on the notion of exchange and the relationship is the focus of digest. more than recent onsetes of marketing focus on the customer and illuminate the quality of the relationship the key to fa st(a)ty. Indeed, a quality relationship inhibits choice and represses the government issue of preferences. Thus, the relationship with the customer becomes a primary concern managerial and academic. The market-oriented generates necessary behaviours to create superior value delivered to customers (Kohli and Jaworski 1990) and place the interests of the thickening first (Deshpande et al. 1993) for a continue satisfaction, permanent, which undergone constant refinement. This satisfaction is no longer slightly the scarcely service provided by the community, exclusively includes elements of the relationship, such as trust and commitment. For this, we seek an ongoing relationship and oriented in the long term in the consideration of a relationship marketing (Dwyer, Schurr et Oh 1987, Sheth et Parvatiyar 1994) and in this scene that develops loyalty policies (Dawkins and Reichheld 1990).Kyner and Jacoby (1973) define loyalty as follows Loyalty is defined as a behavioural recept ion bias because non-random (not spontaneous) expressed over time by an entity decision, finding one or several brands taken in an over entirely, according to a decision regale. In this definition, loyalty requiresA repeat corrupt behaviour resulting from several rachisground variables and complement to each one otherwiseA positive attitude of consumers that must be controlled or identifyed. This attitude reveals a favourable perception towards the brand, service, differentiating it to the loyalty from routine behaviour.For others loyalty rooted quality and delivered on the positive gap between fingerd expectations and post-purchase evaluation. For Shapiro and Varian (1999) loyalty is to the consumer when efforts to change brand, harvesting or supplier ar too large to expect a signifi provoket gain change. The authors of this school of thought onslaught to explain loyalty by exit barriers that prevent a kind of free choice of the client (a client may be considered faithf ul to a familiarity scarcely because it has characteristics of geographical proximity). Another school of thought on the loyalty is that which gave birth to the management of customer relationship management (CRM) with the emergence of ideas of liveness Time Value. It aims to fail the lifetime value of its current contribution but excessively on the basis of its dominance to collapse allocate the resources of the fellowship. It is now for an analysis in terms of portfolio of clients (each client has a value for the company that can be measured by the margin generated).Customer loyalty can be defined as the tendency of a customer to conduct one company or product/service over another for a particular(prenominal) need. Customer/s can be described as being brand loyal because they tend to choose a certain brand of product more often than others. Customer loyalty is evident when it is the customers who make choices and take actions. Customer may express high satisfaction dire cts in a deal with a product or company, but in that respect is a big difference between satisfaction and loyalty (Kumar (2008). Loyalty is shown by the actions of the customer, who can be satisfied and still not be loyal. The satisfaction with the product is ultimately a condition for loyalty. In fact, satisfaction is necessary for loyalty but not sufficient. It is true that the satisfaction is not only ground on the product and service but to a fault the relationship with the staff. Satisfaction towards the product concerns intrinsic attributes quality, features, design, durability, benefit. Ultimately, the quality-price emerges as a global assessment. The service specifically covers guaranteed delivery, solving problems and handling complaints. It introduced the relational aspects of accessibility, courtesy, competence and communication. Experience has shown that the first reason why customers leave a company with whom they do backup, is that they do not feel that their need s argon important to the company, and vice versa for the remaining loyal to the company for a long time, they feel valued and important. This perception and feeling to be considered is the emotional bridge between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Ghaury and Cateora 2006).Companies use a series of programs as relationship marketing, Database marketing, permission marketing or customer relationship management (CRM). Loyalty has a direct effect on gross revenue of a company, and even give away on its profits. However, the extendd level of loyalty stems directly from the attitude and behaviour staff to clients. Motivation staff is the most strengthful vector loyalty which itself contributes to profits. Meanwhile, business processes influence largely on how the staff be withdraw with customers.It is in the interest of the company to develop a long-term relationship with clients where both parties benefit each other. It is much less costly for the company to commemorate it s existing customers than to seek new ones. The scale of customer loyalty has 5 types of customers starting withSuspect A suspect is someone who comes across the companies promotion. They ar a potential suspect for the company.Prospect If the person is interested in the promotion they become a potential prospect.Customers A customer is someone who purchases either the product or service.Clients Clients are those who come back to the company.Advocates Promotes the business on the companys behalf. They are so happy about the product/service that they tell others.(http//www.l drawmarketing.net/ladder.htm Accessed on 02/08/2009)Marketing And LoyaltyThere are many definitions of marketing applying to loyalty programs. Several of them have focused these objectives in view of the value of the customer more profitable for the company. Today, programs and loyalty rallys are found every(prenominal)where on standard credit cards, restaurants, etc Loyalty programs are widespread in all secto rs that deliver goods or services used. They rely on marketing databases built from education from the loyalty cards that identify the client and record information about its behaviour. Their rules often refer to the use of methods from the traditional promotional techniques, encouraging consumers to increase and sustain their purchases in order to obtain a reward. In this context, they can be distinguished from the sales promotion of their defensive attitude focus to longer term. The objective of the promotion is offensive, and when it stops, there is nothing that prevents consumers to come back to their old habits (Ehrenberg et al. 1994). In contrast, a loyalty program seeks to preserve market get by by locking consumers through tangible benefits deferred (promotional techniques) or intangible (individualization, privileges, etc) and acts clean like a permanent promotion in the long term. The effectiveness of a loyalty program then depends on its characteristics and tangible b enefits but also intangible, that is to say, the expected value of the potential relationship that is likely to generate and develop. The consumer joining a loyalty program seeks, in making their purchases at shopkeepers, obtaining dividends, gifts. The trader in investing in this program seeks to seduce and imprison the consumer. This method, better known as retentivity, is actually a rather simple technique by which the consumer is approach with the efforts invested in the bonus points and is losing everything in case of abandonment of the program. A loyalty program is a relationship between the customer and the merchant in which, technically, the 2 parties have benefits. In promoting their businesses, traders undertake several actions to attract customers. For the management of immediate rewards, they offer special discount store. By managing customer loyalty program, they offer rewards delayed. In contrast to the sales promotion where earnings appear at the same time as the co st or effort, this ratio is reversed in the context of delayed rewards, since an individual must first make an effort to more or less long term for earnings in the future.Investigations on humankind behaviour have shown that some individuals possess a strong motivation to engage in efforts leading to the award of future earnings (Atkinson 1957, Nicholls 1989). It is this aspect that loyalty programs appropriated in the construction of systems with delayed gratification the aim of managing the length of the relationship (retention) and discrimination. (Meyer-Waarden (2002). P. 2-88). Curiously this strong motivation is akin to the quest for a reward. In other words, the effort is motivated by greed. Some experts say that consumer motivation fades over time as more becomes aware that the bonus is spaced in time, the more likely he become discouraged with the efforts required for obtaining the reward. (Meyer-Waarden (2002), P 2-89) Thus, programs must allow consumers to obtain the ben efits of the program while also locking in this program. To payoff this behavioural aspect, 2 types of programs are offered proportional and landing. The first principle is to proportionately reward the beat out customers. The second system encourages them to consume more to reach the conterminous threshold points providing more benefits. Thus, it offers a minimum of points to small unprofitable consumers, maximum points for customers who are very profitable, and few points to very large consumers who buy anyway. (Meyer-Waarden (2002). P. 2-89) Greed is thus increased to obtain a value of gift supported by the consumers effort. The number of points necessary for obtaining a reward is related to to the amount invested in the market by the consumer. By cons, consumer choice to join or not this kind of program that demonstrates the lure of gain accessible to long-term investment requires not only money but also time. There are several types of loyalty programs. Some programs offer a specific product free after a number of agreed purchase (coffee, compact disk, etc..) Or reductions applicable on each purchase while the issuers of credit cards offer privileges such as travel insurance and car insurance during a rental. Some cards also allow a pct discount or return money. In practice the system of loyalty cards is simple. It is generally sufficient to consumers to use when buying the card issued or accepted by the merchant to qualify for benefits. The card companies also offer credit to their customers bonus points programs. Unlike cards issued by participating merchants, using credit cards leads automatically, no matter where it is used, the accumulation of points and can sometimes match the accumulation of these points to another program loyalty. It is important to mention the strategy department stores growing strongly consumers use their credit cards to earn double the points they would get by paying cash or get loyalty points better at the price of an inte rest rate up to 28.8%. More specifically, programs that offer frequent flyer points accumulated encourage consumers to use the card as often as possible when making purchases to earn points available for every penny spent, which will be redeemable once against products or services available through a catalogue of premium or cons of coupons or discounts available with designated partners. (Benavent. Christopher. and Lars Meyer-Waarden. 2001. Loyalty Programs Strategies and Practices). Some loyalty card segment their customers by offering them the chance to pay an additional fee to join an enhanced program that offers them a better ratio spent pounds / points accumulated. The holders can be considered as incidental to their privileged relationship with the issuer of the card. From the outset, the consumer, by joining the loyalty program, provides data that feed the database of the issuing company. Subsequently, all transactions for which the loyalty card is used by the consumer are stored in this database comes to prepare a record of its habits. The program relies on both the declarative, where the consumer fills out the questionnaire affiliation, but also on buying behaviour, thanks to its history. (Frenove, A.S. Hivet, N. Joly, P and Josquin, C. 2003. Topic The Ethics of supermarkets). The ultimate goal of these programs, in addition to customer retention is to allow traders to analyze the data collected in order to increase the value of the customers shopping cart.The Concept Of Customer tone Cycle And Types Of LoyaltyThe Concept Of Customer Life CycleOne of the key concepts of customer-oriented marketing is the life cycle dynamics of the customer, based on the idea that the flows of revenues and cost vary over time as requirements change in customer / business relations, contrary to the classical analysis and static demand. The first feature of the approach is that it is done individually and not aggregated, underscoring again the importance of marketing database, made possible thanks to the performance of information technology. Another interesting aspect is that the analysis is performed dynamically. The main idea is that the opinion of a client may occur more or less intense, and we can assume that it is forming a cycle. Practically, these cycles represent changes in purchasing power, but also modes, changing preferences, the phenomena of learning and forgetting. These cycles depend on several factors the first is age. During the aging characteristics of opinion trends, tastes and attitudes can occur. Aging is characterized by a higher loyalty, more conservative, more put on the line aversion. Another factor is the generation based on the assumption that successive generations have value systems and own beliefs relatively trenchant from others. This generation effect part covers the different types of experiences. This manifests itself in innovative behaviours that vary with the gap between innovation and generation. This man agement based on cycles of life is clear to solve three problems getting the customer, maintain, expand consumption and profitability. According to Dwyer, Schurr and Oh (1987), in the sense of relationship marketing, the life cycles of the relationship between a brand, product and a consumer have three distinct phases characterized by changes over time the amount used (1) initialization or acquisition, (2) maturation or development and (3) breaking.The beginning of the cycle is quite understandable and is in customer acquisition, with a time of discovery of the other as a potential partner. Both parties calculate the attraction of the relationship, the costs and benefits of continuing it. Marked by the process of adoption and learning, this phase is characterized by a positive rate of consumption growth, but with high costs. In a second phase, presumably the consumers level of consumption stabilizes after having fully explored the use of the service. The expectations of the relatio nship and its benefits are confirmed, which leads to a continuation trade and then the notion of commitment, which results in the ignorance of competitive offers. Incomes of the company increase first and then level off as costs decrease. Finally, a third cycle is where a revival / reactivation, retention or separation from the client must be considered because the contribution weakens. The decrease in sales of service may occur at any time or gradually, indicating a process of wear or a more brutal, reflecting the substitution phenomena. Indeed, the dissolution occurs when the unmet expectations of increased transaction costs, the weakening of the switching costs of changing needs. Both partners must make a trade off between the benefits and costs brought by the relationship to decide whether or not its continuation. Any company engaged in the marketing approach dynamic client needs to adapt its strategy according to these phases. Three types of strategies should be considered in t erms of life cycles that matchThe customer acquisition,The loyalty and customer retention,And the augmentation of customer loyalty which represent a real challenge.Abandonment is considered when the costs of retention are higher than income generated by the client. (Abandonment=Costs loyalty Income generated by the client). Once the company has determined the position of the life cycle by customer segment, it becomes clearly evident that this strategy must lead to an individualized approach to lead to a balanced allocation of resources. The problem is that each individual has a different value each time t for the company, which requires segmentation based on the potential and value of customers.Types Of LoyaltyCustomer loyalty is the result of well-managed customer retention programs. Before developing these successful programs, its important to know there are two types of loyalty behavioural loyalty and the emotional loyalty.Behavioural loyalty is the loyalty to a brand demonstrat ed by repeat sales and responses to marketing campaigns by the customer. He behaves exactly like the company wants, by purchasing good or service. Behavioural loyaltys measures include response rate to direct marketing to the customer base. Emotional loyalty is the loyalty to a brand driven by favourable perceptions, opinions and giving recommendations. The customer feels empathy and attachment to a company or brand and he is willing to recommend it around him. It is better for the company if the customer has the both types of loyalty, but when its not the case specific strategies are developed to achieve both. (Chauffey, Chadwick, Mayer, Johnston (2006)).Benefits Of Efficient Customer Loyalty ManagementFirst, a loyal customer will continue its purchases over the years. Its purchase volume should also normally increase simply by economic growth and inflation. It should accept offers for complementary products and additional (Cross-Selling and Up-Selling). In any event, transaction c osts should not increase proportionately. Consequently, they will decrease as a percentage of the cost and improve profitability (Kumar (2008)). Finally, a satisfied customer refers an average of 3 customers should in the best case follow the same progression. A study by the Harvard Business School published in the journal of the same name, shows an improvement in the percentage of loyal customers by 5% per year for 5 years to double, not sales, but profits.(CRM Odyssey Inc (2003)www.crmodyssey.com Accessed on the 09/08/2009Another benefit from customer loyalty is it creates allow to the company to protect its markets from competitors the more the customer is satisfied, the less he will be to buy to another product or service to the competitors. Automatically barriers are created against the competitors trying to enter in the market(s) (Ghaury and Cateora (2006)).Finally the word of mouth behaviour of loyal customer increase brand awareness. Customer share their positive feelings an d experiences with their friends, family or friction match when they are loyal to the company or product. They still purchase to the company and recommend it to others. It means a reduction of advertising cost the money can be used to boost the word of mouth by making strategies to reward loyal customers.Reichheld goes even further in 1996 in his book The effect of loyalty by writing the benefits of loyal customers are increasing over time and can recruit new consumers at reduced cost by using the legal Customer faithful because it is supposed to be a good speaker for the company. It also shows in his work as a loyal customer makes purchases more often, he tends to buy for a higher amount and is less sensitive to the variable price. He becomes a captive of the company and wherefore gives a kind of barrier to entry for potential competitors. The work of the TARP (Technical Assistance Program Reseach) supports these observations. They show that winning a new customer returns quater n to five times more expensive than keeping a customer is already active. Jones and Sasser (Jones 1995) focused on the relationship satisfaction / loyalty and showed a sense of satisfaction may not necessarily result fidelity as a loyal customer may nevertheless want to take benefit of a promotion with another supplier, test another product or refer to another offer. By cons, they also show a sense of dissatisfaction may cause disloyalty if dissatisfaction is not taken into account by the company. These gains must obviously be taken with caution because they rely heavily on industries. There is even so no doubt that customer retention can benefit a significant leverage effect on profitability. The main reasons arelower costs for customer acquisition, the net margin updated on the life of the customer to cover these costsreduced management costs, a loyal customer knows the business better and less prone to use his front office to make purchases (reservations)effect of recommendatio nIncreased revenue per customerThe Cost Of Lost CustomersA defensive marketing is cheaper than an offensive marketing, which often requires a direct confrontation with the competition. The cost of keeping a customer is five times less than the cost of converting a prospect, and it can cost up to sixteen times more to achieve with the new customer, the profitability of a customer acquired. So its the rate of customer retention rate that is essential, and not the attraction. The company must carefully monitor the defection of customers and minimize the amplitude. There are four stagesDefine and measure retention. This may be the reuse of the services.Know the different reasons for discontinuation, and identify those which can be remedied.Estimate the lost profit per customer lost.Calculate how much it would reduce defections.ProfitabilityWe have already mentioned the theory of Reichheld and Sasser that a company can improve profitability by 25% to 85% by reducing its rate of defection by 5%. Thus, loyal customers are often more profitable than occasional customers. Specifically, in the service activities and the Business to Business, customers of a company tend to increase their purchase from the company as they know it and appreciate it better.A positive word of mouthIn many cases, loyal customers of a business will impromptu promote to their surroundings, and become, through word of mouth, very effective recruiters because disinterested and credible. For all these reasons, the loyal customer service of a company is considered a real capital, called the customer capital.Retention and its challengesThis new focus puts the customer and his control in centre of our concerns. Given the incredible proliferation of professional works in the field, it seems essential to discuss strategical issues and objectives of retention, by reviewing customer orientation and loyalty policies to give a definition and a clear positioning of loyalty.The retention strategyLoyalty, r ecognized as inborn goal of any customer relationship strategy, not confined to mere promotional programs Some rules must be respected. restrain 1 Be discriminating Customers do not all contribute equally to the profitability of the company. Therefore, retention should be selectively adapting any loyalty action from an analysis of customer value.Rule 2 Propose an attractive loyalty offer and truly innovative. The loyalty offers are numerous, but not all have the same impact. The company can arbitrate according to its objectives between different optionsImmediate benefits often focus on value and price (price preference )Privileges, providing intangible benefits to customers (priority systems, assistance )Rewards delayed in time, seeking to establish lasting relationships with customers the most profitable and likely to extend their relationship with the company.Whatever the choice of the selected offer, interest for customers is based on five attributes, find out its overall perc eived valueThe perceived value of any premium or net worthAttractivenessAccessibility through timeThe exemption given to the customer in the choice of optionsSimplicity of the offer.Rule 3 Anticipating the costs The need to assess the costs in advance of any approach to loyalty is essential. Too often, a company focused on profits resulting from the proposed strategy, without taking into account the costs generated before and repeatedly. These costs may be related to both the growing number of customers affected, and ways and means of dealing with relationships with clients, sometimes completely new to the company.Rule 4 Consolidate and exploit customer information The challenges that the company have just highlighted described the need to build its strategy of strong customer loyalty for the company. Two main lines of action are considered The opportunity to integrate operational databases (sales / billing, marketing ) in a baseline. The interest of exploiting every opportunity to contact customers to gather information about them.This database will allow the trailing of the customer relationship over time, and identification of customer profiles profitable and unprofitable, which will determine the choice of targets to retain.Problems Linked To Customer LoyaltyDifficulties In MarketingObtaining a good efficiency requires a good understanding of customer behaviour and causes of abandonment. One must distinguish the causes of edge which are inevitable (and often unpredictable) from other, more or less predictable and can be combated.The causes are unavoidable, for example a change of personal or professional lifestyle, financial problems, deathpreventable causes are inadequate tariff, a history of poor service and complaints. The challenge is to build something, based on information often dispersed.In anticipation of the termination for inadequate tariff, must be able to say what was the invoice for each client if they had chosen the optimum rate? How much wo uld he have relieve? From what current difference between invoice and optimum bill is there a risk?To anticipate the claims for termination, you must classify all types of call to customer service (there are easily hundreds) and identify those that increase the probability of termination.We must also take account of differences in behaviour related to age, family status, and place of student residence and recover to the extent possible this information.Difficulties In ManagementRetention also poses problems of management, for example the coexistence of a culture of acquisition and a culture of loyaltyIn a young market, corporate culture is naturally directed towards the acquisition. This orientation manifests itself in several ways, for example, budgets are allocated primarily to sales, what is important here is the market share of sales. In these circumstances it is difficult to make a place to loyalty because it is cultural opposition on both fronts its budget is in competition with the acquisition, because what is important here is the retention of customers and not flow of customers.Difficulties In The OrganizationWhen the market is young, the sales should be focused on conquering, the measure of the rate of effectiveness is still difficult, and loyalty is part of the Marketing. Then improving customer knowledge, customer service records terminations, understand the causes, loyalty becomes profitable and worthy of large budgets, customer service becomes trustworthy to ensure loyalty.In consumer, all sale actions are public, as far as loyalty is confidential. Loyalty is indeed a clear competitive advantage. It allows to keep or to take market share in all discretion. Confidentiality is necessary for a second reason do not create perverse behaviour on the part of customers, who know the rules of the game could benefit for future benefits. (Jean Baptiste COUMAU and Henri WIDMER, La Jaune et la Rouge,2002)Rejection Of CustomersThe approach of loyalty can l ead to bias by meritoriousness of its objectives there is concern that the benefits accorded to consumers more loyal to the product or service concerned and not the enterprise. There is a risk of great loss of power marketing consent. Moreover, the strong competition leads to a generalization of loyalty operations that can not only cause fatigue but also a rejection of the approach by customers. The multiplicity of material resources such as loyalty cards generalized in various companies in portfolios causes both a reception to the trivialization of operation for the customer and a loss of power to the business on target. The implementation of a loyalty operation is tricky the company must choose carefully because the target must be loyal customers, those holders of profits. This targeting is difficult and requires the development of a database of well-informed. This base is also used to monitor quantitatively and qualitatively loyal customers. These are considerations of costs re lated to these investments in information that may be a limit. (Fotso Tagne Achille Rostand, La fidelisation client http//www.ougagner.fr/fidelisation.html Accessed on the 09/09/2009)Means And Factors Influencing LoyaltyFactors Influencing LoyaltyIf they are well structured and well implemented, customer loyalty programs cited above can bring measurable benefits to the company that would stand out positively of competition by reducing costs and in the same time increase its income. This situation is favoured byAttracting new customersA high retention rate of existing customers for a long periodIncreasing the frequency of visits by the existing customersIncreasing expenditure on new and existing customersMaking customers in good conditions so they feel appreciated and satisfied then they promote products or services through word of mouth around them.(Memberson (2008) http//www.memberson.com/Loyalty/CustomerLoyalty.aspx Accessed on 01/08/2009)Some factors are essential to create and m aintain the Customer loyalty. Showing 6 success factors that make some companies