Development of Radio in African Countries

developing of Radio in African CountriesChris CazaletEssay The Development of radio in African countries, including southwest AfricaRadio is the most important ordinary in Africa. Its Flexibility, low costs, and oral character meet Africas situation very well. It re of imports the top medium in terms of the number of people that it reaches (Mytton).Radio is the fundamental mass-medium in Africa as it holds the widest reach and the highest audience numbers comp ard to television (TV), vernalspapers and other(a) information and colloquy technologies (ICTs). Over the last 20 years radio has experiences a regeneration, due to democratisation and more affordable technology, today radio has proved to be far-off more hands-on and a straightforward type of communication then it possibly was in older times. Adding to the development is the welcoming of new technologies that have run available this has evolved radio into more of a two-way medium, assisting in the bridge of the digital divide by providing information tools for access to all audiences (Mytton).Radio as a source of news and entertainment is completely unrestricted by the internet. One of the main developmental content encounters on African Radio is the call for to produce programmes on a tight budget. The dominant principles of African radio is live broadcast, rather than arranged programmes (Myers, 2008). Future technologic trends seem to be enhancing rather than refilling radio. It is unlikely that TV will challenge radio as it is developing at a lower process then expected. At the level of planetary donor support, radio, which at one time was regarded at the poor cousin of the newer ICTs, has been brought back into the ICT family, there is renewed interest at the policy level. (Myers, 2008).There are four classes that radio place can be divided into today, state-controlled public radio privately accepted commercial radio community-controlled radio and global radio. Because a countrys medi a may be loosened does not mean that there are not huge stresses on press exemption and countless economic challenges met by broadcasters. Technology seems to be enhancing rather than replacing radio.Radio is uniquely matched to the African context, being an aural and portable medium in a continent that is primarily non-literate (Myers, 2008).The history of radio development emerged from three separate stages, beginning in 1924 when they first South African broadcasts took place. There was the compound period, radio was the main medium which was brought in to serve the settlers and the welfares of the colonial powers. Later on the ruling classes introduced radio services presented by and for the indigenous people. The domestic publicise system of all European authorities such as the British independent public service model of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) or the French government radio send were not government monopolies (Mytton).The earliest broadcasting that appeare d on the continent was in in South Africa. In Johannesburg, ness Town, and Durban, three organizations an advertising group, a private dub, and a local authority these organisations were granted licenses to broadcast. They all soon were taken over by an entrepreneur who, with difficulty, moved the stations toward commercial practicality. The government did not see this commercial practicality as a service they sought after after inviting John Reith, the BBCs first director-general, to come to South Africa in 1934 to help them develop a national public service form of broadcasting thus the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) was created in 1936. SABC drifted from BBCs working mannerisms soon after its brass section. It was never far from the political influence and control which grew during the years of apartheid. For a hulky period the SABC programmes were dictated by white audiences until 1943, it only broadcasted in English and Africans, leaving the African audienc es ignored. In the 1960s broadcasting for Africans extended when Radio Bantu was developed during apartheid to emphasise the apartheid ideology of the separation of the races (Mytton).After World War 2 broadcasting expanded in most of the African colonies and became one of the decreed British policies, radio services would be developed to educate and inform the African listeners. Torn Chalmers, a successful BBC radio producer who was involved in developing of the radio is Nigeria, Malawi, Zambia and Tanzania, along with others tried to separate broadcasting from government. In spite of the establishment of public corporation in several British regions, stations were closely managed by their corresponding governments and had little independence (Mytton).The French developed a different policy, nearly all broadcasting in French regions were in the French language. Radio broadcasting to a large extent, originated in France through the Societe de Radio-diffusion de la France dOutre-Me r (Society for Radio Transmission to French Overseas Territories SORAFOM). It was not until the 1960s the decade when African colonies were granted independence and allowed to establish national radio broadcasters (Mytton).In most countries the national and regional radio represent the voice of the government. The main difference between state radios and independent radios are that state radios reach nation-wide and independent radio stations are confined to urban areas. Independent radios overly have almost all been FM stations where as state radio stations are of various stations (Mytton). Community Radio has worthy a growing importance to the accessability of information and a tool of empowerment for local communities across Africa, they face several challenges with regard to sustainability. There is no matter of course to the long-term future of this sector despite it its addition in numerous countries. (MCgregor, 2006)Independent radios stations can be catorgorised into five types. Fully commercial stations that seek to make a profit, religious radio stations these stations are mostly supported by sponsors, the growth of commercial radio could form the weakness of many states that support the talented artist that have had to stop working because of inadequate payments these artists find that they do better by marketing their own music at street venders. Community radion stations which could be seen as the fastest growing sector these stations are often staffed by offer up helpers, run at low cost and sponsored from the outside. By 2000 there were over 70 radio stations in South Africa and more then coke in West Africa. Community radio stations contribute to the national edication and development which is of major importance there are many developmental agencies strongly favour the use of radio campaigns for better health, in the past these campaigns and advertisments were very dull however in recent years there has been a growth in the imag inative and entertaining use of the radio to encourage the development of these areas. The fourth and fifth part categories each emerged as the result of ethnic or other struggles. Factional radio stations were used to promote a specific section in a struggle. This category was also referred to as the hate radio station. The fifth category, humanitarian radio stations, was a standing power to factional radio. Radio power in Africa led numerous aid agencies, including the United Nations, in support of the establishment of humanitarian radio stations that encourage peace, harmony and democracy. (Myers, 2008)In the 21st century there have been many technological advances that have boosted broadcasting to new invisions of direct satellite broadcasting. Digital shortwave is the future of radio tansmissions and if Africa can employ this new technology it will revolutionize radio broadcasting over the self-coloured African continent.ReferencesMCgregor, S. (2006). Reserach Summary Report A frica Media Development Initiative. Rhodes University. London BBC World Service Trust. Retrieved from http//africanmediainitiative.org/content/2013/07/22/AMDI-BBC-summary-report.pdfMyers, M. (2008). Radio and Development in Africa Concept Paper. Canada International Development Research Centre of Canada. Retrieved from http//www.amarc.org/documents/manuals/12481943581Radio_and_Development_in_Africa,_a_concept_paper.pdfMytton, G. (n.d.). A Brief History of Radio Broadcasting in Africa. Retrieved from http//www.transculturalwriting.com/radiophonics/contents/usr/downloads/radiophonics/A_Brief_History.pdf

Media System and Press Regulation of Philippines

Media System and Press Regulation of FilipinosAccording to Raul Pertierra (2012), Filipino media is unmatched of the oldest and having the most surrenderdom in Asia. The freest in Asia, this is what Philippine called itself as and it means the media system be full with protection of promote freedom which result Philippine as libertarian in media system. (Bisikleta productions, 2009) The aggressive character and lack of respects of its leading journalists is bingle of the things that cognize characteristics of Philippines press. For example, the prominent newspaper of Philippine which is Philippine Daily enquirer often writes on the semipolitical affair and thus far the oppositional opinion. Besides that, The Daily Tribune also features in writing to attack the current government of Noynoy Aquino. (Raul Pertierra, 2012)According to Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (2011), Philippines features one of the freest and most boisterous media in Asia and is partially beca drill of the stron g protection of the freedom of media and expression from the Malolos Constitution of 1899 until the current Constitution. Under the Bill of Rights the Constitution, it assurances the freedom of expression and press freedom even encourages the right of every Filipinos to access to any information and documents in the possession of Philippines government agencies .The government seldom censors the media even though it was known during President Estrada to remove advertising provision for newspapers critical of its policies. However, there is still a comparatively strict libel laws that restrain reporters from covering provocative issues. (Raul Pertierra, 2012) The core of libel under libel law in Philippines is not defined by the writer itself. The jurisprudence which has conduct the test to determine the meaning has terminate it as words calculated to induce suspicion are sometimes more effective to destroy reputation than false charges directly made. Ironical and metaphorical lan guage is a favored vehicle for slander. A charge is sufficient if the words are calculated to induce the hearers to suppose and understand that the person or persons against whom they were uttered were guilty of certain offenses, or are sufficient to impeach their honesty, virtue, or reputation, or to hold the person or persons up to public ridicule.(Abogadomo.com, 2011)The Philippine media has a multi-layered which harmonies existent of government and also private owned media. However, few large privately owned groups have dominated media ownership of Philippines. in that respect is a network of state owned radio stations, many private radio and video recording stations and inevitably a large number of internet providers. For the printed media, the tabloids which published in Filipino language have accommodated a larger audience population. On the other hands, there is still broadsheets that are generally published in English and mainly read in Metro-Manila and some secondary ci ties. The national newspapers for Philippines are published in English and owned by prominent families with regnant connections to broad sectors of society. They are generally conservative. Regional newspapers are published in English or in the vernacular and mostly restrict themselves to local events and personalities. There are several popular tabloids written in Filipino and therefore more accessible to the ordinary citizen but they rarely comment on weighty national matters. There are no major Left wing publications apart from partisan pamphlets. Generally, the print media, while highly regarded, is limited to middle descriptor urban readers.Due to the variety of media owned by government or private sector, there is hard for either Private Public Relations Practitioners or Government Public Relations Practitioners who responsible to communicate with public to have a 2-ways communication. Tools that used to communicate with target audience is very important, however Philippine s has a complex system that consists of two different ownerships.Although the Philippines media is free but it is also highly committed to a political party. Politicians with interests to get public support stain sure that they have contact to media reportage even using the tactics such as direct ownership or through political or economic means. For public, reading diverse newspapers always giving the feel of referring to different realities.The government would not contribute any effort to help increase the regional distribution of newspapers which means they are not agree with the aim of supporting a diverse media landscape. Moreover, there is low level of government investment and grant for public sector broadcasters and they are prohibited of publishing advertising as the sources of their revenue.In Philippines, radio is the most dependable channel for disseminate news, information and delight especially in rural area. However, television has a large popularity in the prosper ous place such as towns and cities. The satellite function increases the coverage of the television in rural areas and signals are less affected by the mountainous topography. But, the government owned radio station and television relatively low audiences even though private broadcasting and radio station showing growing in the Philippines.For newspaper, there is no authoritative and regularly published newspaper circulation cypher and the most popular national dailies, such as the Philippine Daily Inquirer claim to sell more than 250,000 copies each. Many newspapers were founded by journalists with a political and nationalist agenda. However, most have been taken over by powerful families linked to strong commercial interests. ( Infoasaid, 2014, pg 18)Clearly the battle for a truly free press continues in the Philippines, although with dozens of publications, radio stations, broadcast entities and their staffs in operation, the Philippines appears to have one of the better media c limates in Southeast Asia.Although the Philippines Constitution guarantees freedom of the press, that ideal has been give in to various forms of censorship throughout the history of the nation. Perhaps the most obvious example of censorship which took place during the United States time in the Philippines which is through the use of libel laws. The result of that case was the closing of a newspaper some considered legendary.The press freedom gives the pros and cons for the Public Relations Practices. The pros include Public Relations Practitioners are not restraint for the works they want to disseminate to their public. However, the quality of media has destroyed because too many ownership. In addition, government status affected because the free to argue political matters. It directly affects the status of government public relations practitioner.In conclusion, there are clearly media characteristics of Philippines which are libertarian but under some chink by laws and regulatio ns implemented by government and multi-layered which harmonies existent of government and also private owned media. These two characteristics have shown a big influence toward the intrust of Public Relations in Philippines.ReferencesPertierra, R. (2012). The New Media, Society Politics in the Philippines. Retrievedfrom http//www.fesmedia-asia.org/uploads/media/PHILIPPINES_2012.pdfAbogadomo.com. (2011). Libel Laws of the Philippines. Retrieved fromhttp//www.abogadomo.com/law-professor/law-professor-archives/libel-laws-of-the-philippinesMikeeesportuno. (2013). Libel in the Philippines. Retrieved fromhttp//www.studymode.com/essays/Libel-In-The-Philippines-1489264.htmlBBC News. (2013). Philippines profile. Retrieved from http//www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15527446Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. (2011). Asian Media Barometer. Retrived fromhttp//library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/08746.pdfInfoasaid. (2012) Philippines Media and Telecoms Landscape Guide. Retrieved fromfile///C/Users/Swen/Downloads/Me dia%20%20Telecoms%20Landscape%20Guide%20-%20Philippines%20(1).pdfBisikleta productions. (2009) Dissecting The Philippine Mass Media Today. Retrievedfrom http//bisikletaproductions.blogspot.com/2009/09/dissecting-philippine-mass-media-today.html

The Versailles Treaty :: European Europe History

The Versailles TreatyThe Treaty of Versailles was intended to be a tranquility agreement between the consort and the Germans. Versailles created semipolitical discontent and economic chaos 1in Germany. The Peace Treaty of Versailles represented the results of hostility and revenge and opened the door for a dictator and World state of war II.November 11, 1918 attach the end of the first World War. Germany had surrendered and signed an armistice agreement. The task of forming a peace agreement was now in the hands of the Allies. In December of 1918, the Allies met in Versailles to start on the peace settlement.2 The main countries and their respective representatives were The United States, Woodrow Wilson Great Britain, David Lloyd George and France, George Clemenceau. At first, it had seemed the task of making peace would be easy.3 However, erstwhile the process started, the Allies found they had conflicting ideas and motives surrounding the reparations and wording of the Treaty of Versailles. It seemed the Allies had now found themselves engaged in another battle.Woodrow Wilson (1856 - 1924), the twenty-eighth chairperson of the United States (1913 --1921).4 In August of 1914, when World War I began, there was no question that the United States would remain neutral. Wilson didnt want to enter the European War or any other war for that matter.5 However, as the war continued, it became increasingly obvious that the United States could no longer sit on the sidelines. German submarines had drop American tankers and the British liner, Lusitania, in May 1915, killing almost twelve hundred people, including 128 Americans.6 This convinced Wilson to enter World War I, on the allied side. As the war continued, Wilson outlined his peace program, which was centered around fourteen main points. They (fourteen points) were direct and simple a demand that future agreements be open covenants of peace, openly arrived at an insistence upon absolute freedom of the seas an d, as the fourteenth point, the formation of a general associat ion of nations.7 The fourteen points gave people a hope of peace and lay the groundwork for the armistice that Germany ultimately signed in November 1918. Although the United States was instrumental in ending the war, Wilson was still more interested in a peace without victors8 than annexing German colonies or reparations (payment for war damages). However, as the Allies began discussions of the peace treaty, the European allies rejected Wilsons idealism and reasoning.

The Character of Helena in Alls Well that Ends Well :: Alls Well That Ends Well Essays

The Character of Helena in Alls Well that Ends Well Helena There is an underlying ambiguity in Helena s character. Spreading the illustration over the four most disputed moments in Alls Well, the virginity repartee, the miraculous cure of the King, the accomplishment of conditions and the bed - trick, one can learn the different shades of in her character - honourable, passionate, discreet, audacious, romantic, rational, tenacious, forgiving ... She can be sampled out to be basically an idiosyncratic person with her good and bad, positioned within the clever wench tradition and the fulfilling of tasks folk tales ( W. W. Lawrence ) which necessitates that she should tolerate with a determination. The whole ambiguity in Helena ensues from unrealistic dramaturgy and realistic conception of women. Throughout the play, one sees Helena jostling ingenuousness with sexual activity and at times there seems to be two Helenas, one who is conventionally tame and the other who is actively a ll out ... a love - dingy Juliet that is ready at the end to expose her darling s ill practices. One could compare Helena with Isabella in Measure for Measure, since the characters are engulfed by different stack that demand each of them to act differently. Isabella is a religious figure while Helena is only love-driven. Helen ... virtue in action ? All other characters render to the promotion of Helena as a virtuous character and though in Act. II Sc. v Bertram addresses her with here comes my clog he does not diminish her already obliging uprightness which forgoes inherited wealth and nobility. The Countess is convinced that she has a noble virtue that her son cannot achieve through his valour in war. Her virtues were assigned to her by her beginner and by Heaven to whose intervention she ascribes all her ability to cure the King. Somehow, she is that semi-divine person or some type of new saint in fighting for what is genuine and true(a) and personifies virtue in action. This Christ projection with which W. Knights endows her could have been further sustained by showing that it is rooted in what Lefaw says in Act II Sc. iii - They say miracles are past and we have our philosophical persons to make modern and familiar, things supernatural and causeless. Hence it is that we make trifles of terrors, ensconcing ourselves into seeming knowledge when we should submit ourselves to an unknown fear.

Narcolepsy Essay -- Disorder Sleep Sleepy Health Essays

Narcolepsy Sleepiness, whether due to sleep apnea, heavy snoring, idiopathic hypersomnolence, narcolepsy or insomnia from any issuance of sleep-related disorders, threatens millions of Americans health and economic security (1). Perhaps somewhat most concerning of these disorders are those that allow sleep without having any control over when it happens-idiopathic hypersomnolence and narcolepsy. The two are tight related in that both cause individuals to fall sound asleep(predicate) without such control, yet narcolepsy occurs without any dreaming during naps (2). For years, narcoleptic people have been falling asleep in corners, concerned, as they have given numerous attempts to try to stay focused and awake. But besides the excessive fatigue that people experience, there sure must be more that can be associated with causing such sleepiness among people at an uncontrolled level. There might especially non be a reason involving the I-function of the brain, as people are not a ware of when necessarily they will fall into their deep sleep. Narcolepsy has been clinically defined as a chronic neurological disorder that involves the bodys central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is basically like a highway of nerves that carries messages from the brain to otherwise parts of the body. Thus, for people with narcolepsy, the messages about when to sleep and when to be awake sometimes hit roadblocks or detours and arrive in the defame place at the wrong time. This is why someone who has narcolepsy, not managed by medications, may fall asleep while eating dinner or engaged in social activities-or level(p) at times when they are so focused on being awake, yet they cannot be due to their narcoleptic nature. In many cases, however, diagnosis... ...r personal grief. whole kit and boodle Cited1)Sleep Apnea, Snoring, Narcolepsy, Insomnia and Other Causes of Daytime Fatiguehttp//members.tripod.com/sleephealth/sleepdisorderssleepapnea.html2)Better Sleep Nowhttp/ /www.dreamdoctor.com/better/narcolepsy/6.shtml3)Center for Narcolepsy Symptoms and Diagnosishttp//www.med.stanford.edu/school/Psychiatry/narcolepsy/symptoms.html4)Living With Narcolepsyhttp//www.sleepfoundation.org/publications/livingnarcolepsy.html5)Sleepnet.com Apnea Forumhttp//www.sleepnet.com/apnea18/messages/434.html6)Seratonin The chemistry of Well-Beinghttp//www.angelfire.com/hi/TheSeer/seratonin.html7)Sleep Channel Narcolepsyhttp//www.sleepdisorderchannel.net/narcolepsy/treatment.shtml8)Sleep secondary and Integral Therapies http//www.holistic-online.com/Remedies/Sleep/sleep_ins_food-and-diet.htm

Robert Frosts Design Essay -- Poetry Poem Essays Poet

Robert freezes DesignRobert Frosts Design is a meditation on human attempts to see order in the universe--and human failures at perceiving the order that is actually present in disposition. The speaker of the poem perceives what he takes to be a significant alignment, then speculates on what the coincidence might mean, or whether it means anything at all. However, he fails to see that there is a very good reason for the coincidence he spots, and the design of nature that it implies is quite different from anything he suggests. Designby Robert FrostI found a dimpled spider, fat and white, On a white heal-all, holding up a moth Like a white piece of rigid satin cloth-- Assorted characters of death and blight Mixed ready to begin the morning right, Like the ingredients of a witches broth-- A snow-drop spider, a flower like a froth, And dead fly carried like a paper kite. What had that flower to do with being white, The wayside glum and innocent heal-all? What brought the kindred spi der to that height, Then steered the white moth thither in the night? What nevertheless design of nefariousness to appall?--If design govern in a thing so small. The starting point for the speakers thinking is what he perceives to be a coincidence a white spider sits on a white flower holding up a white moth. The coincidence is even more striking because heal-alls are usually blue. In Western culture, the modify white usually symbolizes goodness, purity, and innocence. The language of the poem suggests these connotative links the spider is dimpled as well as fat and white, like a newborn baby. The moths wings are like a white piece of rigid satin cloth, like a bridal dress (or perhaps the lining of a c... ...er would be attracted to a white flower because it would offer some concealment from prey. There is indeed a design at work, but it is not a design of darkness it is simply the order of nature. The existence of such a design leaves open the question of whether God exists.An atheist would take the explanation above as assure that there are rational explanations for natural processes, and that there is no need to invoke the concept of God to explain how the universe works. In other writings, Frost does appear to profess belief in God (albeit belief of a complex kind). The focus of Design, then, is not ultimately the existence or absence of God, but rather the tendency of humans to engage in what John Ruskin called the pathetic fallacy--the act of reading oneself into nature. The first act of responsible belief, Frost implies, is perceive nature as it is.

Virginia Woolfs To The Lighthouse Essay -- To The Lighthouse Essays

She was not inventing she was only trying to smooth out some social function she had been habituated days ago folded up something she had seen. For in the rough and tumble of daily life, with all those children about, all those visitors, one had constantly a sense of repetition-of one thing falling where some other had fallen, and so setting up an echo which chimed in the air and made it full of vibrations. (199) What causes that crumpling? What makes the accumulated images fold up over the years? How slew one smooth out the folds? These are the pivotal questions raised in the above passage, which captures the central exploration in Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse. Change and chaos effect folds in Lilys life. She clings to images of Mrs. Ramsay as an iron. For there are moments when one can neither think nor feel, (Woolf 193), but even in the agony of intense change, one can always see. Like a muse, Mrs. Ramsays lasting presence inspires Lily to create a paintin g that irons out the folds. Lily eventually accepts some distance from Mrs. Ramsay, as well, which becomes another liberating step in the process of smoothing out her jagged soul. When those images are rediscovered, and sometimes re-invented, change is produced. Ultimately, Lily is released from the past, while smoothing out the creases. Lilys ambivalent feelings toward Mrs. Ramsay make her life creased and conflicted Lily feels forced to subscribe to between rejecting the beloved mothering figure or becoming again a panicky, dependent child whose poor self-image undermines her ability to have a vision of her experience (Caramagno 253). She tends toward the position as dependent child because it brings permanence, but she vacillat... ...in To the Lighthouse. Philological Quarterly. 14 April 2002 <http//newfirstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/>. Lilienfeld, Jane. Where the Spear Plants Grew. innovative Feminist Essays on Virginia Woolf. Ed. Jane Marcus. London Macmillan Press, 1981. Mepham, John. Criticism in Focus. New York, NY St. Martins Press, 1992. Minogue, Sally. Was it a vision? Structuring emptiness in To the Lighthouse. Journal of Modern Literature. 12 April 2002 <http//newfirstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/>. Rosenman, Ellen Bayuk. The Invisible Presence Virginia Woolf and the Mother-Daughter Relationship. Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press, 1986. Stewart, Jack. A Need of duration and Blue Space, Color, and Creativity in To the Lighthouse. Twentieth Century Literature 12 April 2002 <http//web6infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/>.